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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics The disappearing computer – launched by Future and Emerging Technologies, the European Commission’s Information Society Technologies (IST) Programme 2 – is a vision of the future: “in which our everyday world of objects and places become ‘infused’ and ‘augmented’ with information processing. In this vision, computing, information processing, and computers disappear into the background, and take on the role more similar to that of electricity today – an invisible, pervasive medium distributed on our real world”. 3 “Disappearing computer”, “ambient intelligence”, “sense and simplicity”, “things that think”, “pervasive computing”, “ubiquitous computing”, “calm technology” – all terms generated from a single text by Xerox guru Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century”, in which he states: “There is more information available at our fingertips during a walk in the woods than in any computer system, yet people find a walk among trees relaxing and computers frustrating. Machines that fit the human environment, instead of forcing humans to enter theirs, will make using a computer as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.” The fundamental problem he foresees is privacy: “hundreds of computers in every room, all capable of sensing people near them and linked by high-speed networks, have the potential to make totalitarianism up to now seem like sheerest anarchy. Just as a workstation on a local-area network can be programmed to intercept messages meant for others, a single rogue tab in a room could potentially record everything that happened there”. 4 The technology that is now, only sixteen years later, driving Mark Weiser’s vision of ubiquitous connectivity is not, however, hundreds of computers locally spread thin, but another technology, rather old: RFID, radio frequency identification. Privacy, however, is manifestly indeed the key factor in the forces that fuel the drive to broadly adopt it as enabling technology (as opposed to disruptive technology 5 ). RFID is an old technology based on radar, detested by system engineers for its insecurity, unreliability and plain technological simplicity, whose time has come as it fills a need on all levels of successfully introducing new technologies. 2 http://cordis.europa.eu/ist/ 3 Personal transcription from the talk of I3 Project Officer Jakub Wejchert at http://www.i3net.org/ac2000/content/programme/quovadis.html 4 Weiser, Mark: “The Computer for the 21st Century” http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html 5 A disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is a technological innovation, product, or service that eventually overturns the existing dominant technology or status quo product in the market. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_technology 26
New realities, new policies? RFID [aka smart card, M2M (Machine 2Machine) or NFC (Nearfield Communication)] is pull technology (as opposed to push technology 6 ). The RFID reader emits energy so that the passive tag gives its unique number (says “Hello, here I am”). An EPC Global network 7 layout makes it possible to track a bottle in your room (provided there is a reader in your door, floor, building) through a simple web query by typing the unique ID number (available through retail channels) as the ID of the bottle is logged into the local database (your home computer, work server, office building network) which is hooked up to the EPC Global network. In this database through an RFID scripting language called Savant the item’s log is sent to an “object name service” (ONS) where it can be accessed via the Web, for example from Tokyo. CASPIAN (Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering) 8 downloaded confidential documents (by simply typing confidential into the internal search engine) from the home page of the MIT Auto-ID Center, the organization entrusted until 2003 with developing a global Internet infrastructure. Among the “confidential” documents available on the website are slide shows discussing the need to “pacify” citizens who might question the wisdom of the centre’s stated goal to tag and track every item on the planet, along with findings that 78% of surveyed consumers feel RFID is negative for privacy and 61% fear its health consequences. PR firm Fleischman-Hillard’s confidential “Managing External Communications” suggests a variety of strategies to help the Auto-ID Center “drive adoption” and “neutralize opposition”, including the possibility of renaming the tracking devices “green tags”. In May 2004, the UK National Consumer Council stated that one of the main reasons for bringing all the stakeholders to the table was that it “seemed clear to us, that this technology is being developed and implemented without the knowledge or participation of consumers more widely”. From a research perspective too the US National Academy of Sciences noted that: “more than one company has had to change or rethink its plans for RFID technology because of the concerns of consumers and privacy advocates about how the technology would be used”. RFID technology is at a crucial point, in terms of standards and policies, regulations and deployment and services. As technology becomes ever more deeply embedded in everyday life and the experienced economies, it can no longer see design as a front end tool, or social and cultural issues as a sphere that has to mould itself around new technologies. On the contrary, as we see so clearly with RFID, one has to hardcode 6 Push technology on the Internet refers to a style of communication protocol where the request for a given transaction originates with the publisher, or central server. It is contrasted with pull technology, where the request for the transmission of information originates with the receiver, or client. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology 7 http://www.epcglobalinc.org/home 8 http://www.nocards.org/ 27
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websites that fused into what we ma
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