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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics machines that will come to shape our societies – needs to stay open for everyone to study, improve and distribute for the benefit of their fellows, he initiated a project to create a free operating system that would incorporate four essential freedoms. Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program, which is a freedom that in most cases comes unlimited with the proprietary software too. Freedom 1 is the freedom to study and modify the program, and the ability to access the source code of the program is a prerequisite for this freedom. Freedom 2 is the freedom to redistribute copies. Freedom 3 is the freedom to improve the program and distribute the improvements for the benefit of others, and the ability to access the source code of the program is a prerequisite for this freedom too. 5 These four freedoms – articulated in a legal document, a copyright licence: the GNU General Public License – have led to the creation of the free operating system GNU/Linux and free software applications such as Firefox browser, Apache server application and the OpenOffice productivity suite. Equally important, these four freedoms have lead to the development of the Free Software movement and a new form of social production without proprietary ownership: the collaborative production of free software works. The Free Software’s ability to create indiscriminate freedoms for everyone, yet to deny anyone who would like to take those freedoms away from others by hoarding it as exclusive, private property, played a pivotal role in mobilizing the efforts of hundreds of thousands of developers from all over the world to volunteer and contribute their work to numerous free software projects. The Free Software’s copyleft nature, where everyone can share and everyone can contribute, without having to fear that someone will come along and turn their work into a private property that can no longer be shared and no longer be accessible to its makers, created a model of collective, distributed, horizontally organized, participatively guided production previously unparalleled. For the lack of a better term, we will – together with Yochai Benkler – call this new form of social organization of production descriptively “commons-based peer production”. 6 We should make an effort to fully comprehend the fundamental novelty this organizational model of production introduces. Economic science has traditionally known two principal models of economic organization – the first being production based on non-hierarchic, supply and demand driven action of individual actors in free markets, the second being production based on hierarchic command over collective action. The example of the first model is the free market; the example of the second is 5 For more on the definition of Free Software see: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html/ 6 See: http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html/, and also: http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Main_Page/ 62
Transformations of cultural production, free culture and the future of the Internet the firm. But with commons-based peer production we are witnessing the birth of a third model, one that is at the same time non-hierarchical and collective. We are witnessing this model emerging not only in Free Software production, but all over the networked information environment. Examples are numerous, some of them well known, some of them known only to those directly involved: blogs and the citizen journalism phenomenon, social networks such as MySpace, Facebook or Twitter, content-sharing websites such as Flickr, YouTube, last.fm, open access to scientific publishing, open patent-pools in biosciences, open courseware from the most advanced institutions of learning such as MIT, free culture production under Creative Commons licences, etc., etc. Probably the best known example is Wikipedia. Wikipedia is an online encyclopaedia, collectively written and edited in more than a hundred languages by thousands of anonymous volunteers from all over the world, whose writing is motivated only by Wikipedia’s sacred norm: a neutral point of view. Over the last five years, this effort of non-professional collective knowledge production has produced the largest encyclopaedia ever, larger and almost as accurate as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 7 and has become the standard reference work for a significant number of users on the Web today. This has been achieved without anyone hierarchically coordinating the effort, without anyone owning the result. The commons-based peer production model has introduced a fundamental shift in how people participate in the (information) economy. While the classical (information) economy was a consumerist economy with clear cut functions of active producers and passive consumers, this new model has created a production which is based on participation and collaboration of producers and consumers, conflation of their respective functions. And this is where artists and theorists see a potential paradigm to look into and up to in order to break free from the consumer economy’s division between consumers and producers that the contemporary cultural production system has fallen victim to as well. From the politico-economic perspective this new model furthermore produces a shift in the process of exchange. The exchange starts to shed its commodity form and increasingly takes the shape of exchange of knowledge. For example to use the GNU/Linux operating system often requires a demanding process of learning and communicating knowledge, and knowledge is ultimately the fundamental good travelling upstream and downstream between developers, coders, bug-fixers, documentation contributors and users. It is this knowledge exchange that is ultimately the driving force of Free Software production. And it is this continuum of 7 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.htm 63
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CULTURELINK Network of Networks for
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Managing culture in virtual realms:
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Foreword Digital culture is a new c
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INTRODUCTION
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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynam
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communication and economic producti
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This paper attempts to: • provide
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websites that fused into what we ma
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Portal del Cine y el Audiovisual La
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Internet costs nothing in any forei
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