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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics governments of transition countries could take into account. 15 The “addiction strategy” (such as the above-stated Microsoft one) is not new in the business world, but the question arises – why not circumvent it with the use of open and free options (for example the Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system (Lessig, 2004: 65) instead of the Microsoft one)? The answer lies in enhancing the lobbying power of the creators and promoters of open-source models. Expenditure on ICT and culture As has been noted in the previous sections, cultural consumption and production in the SEE region have been executed partly on pirated software, while a certain proportion of cultural goods have been exchanged through the grey economy. But how much do citizens of the SEE region spend on ICT and on culture? In the light of this enquiry, we will take a look at what the difference is between “recreation and culture” and “communication” at the level of household expenditure in the SEE countries (in comparison to the EU25). What is interesting is the difference between the EU countries and the SEE countries regarding the share of household expenditure on recreation and culture as can be seen from Figure 1 below. Figure 1 shows that in the majority of the SEE countries (Croatia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) the expenditure on communication is higher than the EU25 average. Also, in more than half of the SEE countries the household expenditure on communication is higher than on recreation and culture (Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Romania, and Bulgaria). This can be attributed to the high prices of the services in the SEE countries. To be more precise, the most important impediment to catching-up with modern ICT development within the SEE countries is the level of prices of telecom services that matches the level within the developed countries in nominal terms, while it is considerably higher in real terms. 15 For example, the Brazilian government (especially its Minister of Culture Gilberto Gil) is one of the biggest promoters of Creative Commons. 82
Access, piracy and culture: the implications of digitalization in Southeastern Europe Figure 1: Percentage of selected categories in total household expenditure* Serbia (2004) 3,5% 2,8% Recreation and culture Albania (2000) 1,7% 2,9% Communication Montenegro (2005) Macedonia(2005) Bosnia and Herzegovina(2004) Romania (2005) Bulgaria (2004) Greece (2004) Croatia (2004) EU25 (2004.) 5,7% 4,6% 2,5% 4,9% 6,1% 2,4% 5,3% 2,8% 3,4% 3,8% 3,8% Source: Eurostat, National Statistical Offices * According to the international classification COICOP-HBS (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose adopted for the Household Budget Surveys), 0.8. COMMUNICATIONS is comprised of: 08.1. Postal services, 08.2. Telephone and telefax equipment, 08.3. Telephone and telefax services; while 09. RECREATION AND CULTURE includes 09.1. Audiovisual, photographic and information processing equipment, 09.2. Other major durables for recreation and culture, 09.3. Other recreational items and equipment, gardens and pets, 09.4. Recreational and cultural services, 09.5. Newspapers, books and stationery and 09.6. Package holidays. 4,2% 5,2% 6,0% 6,5% 9,7% 0,0% 1,0% 2,0% 3,0% 4,0% 5,0% 6,0% 7,0% 8,0% 9,0% 10,0% 83
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CULTURELINK Network of Networks for
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This Work has been published with t
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Culturelink Joint Publications Seri
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Managing culture in virtual realms:
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Foreword Digital culture is a new c
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INTRODUCTION
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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynam
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PART ONE DIGITAL CULTURE - THE NEW
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With reference to possible policy r
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References Managing culture in virt
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Ecology of the media and hyperhuman
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languages on the Internet - mainly
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governmental or corporate action pl
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global critical consciousness that
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The online power of users and money
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• selling artistic products onlin
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References Culture Interactive Cult
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A glance at the Cuban culture throu
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This paper attempts to: • provide
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websites that fused into what we ma
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Portal del Cine y el Audiovisual La
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