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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics significant contribution from the citizens of these countries to (global) cultural diversity in the digital arena? How much has ‘piracy’ of cultural goods in the region influenced these changes? These were the main questions that prompted this research. In the following several sections we shall try to tackle these issues by outlining the level of access to information and communication technologies in the SEE region, the level of piracy of software and cultural goods in these countries and the expenditure on ICT and culture as such. Access and ICT infrastructure The question of access to digital technologies is the core underlying issue for the increasing digital divide in the world, whereby the term “digital divide” denotes the gap between those who have access to digital and information technologies, and those who do not. Not only is the digital divide present in the countries of the so-called North and South (“global digital divide”), but it also occurs within the countries of the North and South. 6 There are trends influencing changes in this area: the lowering of prices of technological devices at the global level and, in parallel, the new initiatives that are emerging which aim to bridge this gap, 7 although this is happening slowly. At the European level, the differences in access to digital and information technology among countries are also visible. According to Eurostat (2005), the “use of computers and Internet is highest in the Nordic countries – especially in Sweden and Iceland on more than 80% – while the lowest rates are reported in the candidate countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey)”. 8 This comes as no surprise, as the SEE countries, apart from having low GDP per capita, went through transition and social transformation processes as a result of changes in their political and economic systems. To have a better insight into the level of access to ICT technologies in the SEE region Tables 1-3 below present data from selected countries (with the comparative data of the EU where applicable). Table 1 gives the main information and communication technology (ICT) indicators in selected SEE countries, 9 in comparison with Germany as an old member of the EU. In the SEE countries the number of personal computers per capita is still low – ranging from 1 computer per 100 users (Albania) to 19 computers per 100 users (Croatia) which is still far behind Germany (60 computers per 100 users). Concerning 6 As noted on: Digital Divide.org and Digital Divide Network. 7 For example, the One Laptop Per Child initiative, Project 50x15 and similar. 8 It should be noted that Bulgaria and Romania are not candidate countries anymore; this is an old quote from: Eurostat (2005). 9 Data for Macedonia was not available. 74
the number of broadband subscribers, the situation in countries of the region diverges, with those that have entered the EU (plus Croatia) having approximately 5 broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants, while in the other countries of the region the number is generally below 1 subscriber per 100 inhabitants for the year 2006. Table 1: Main ICT indicators for 2006 (per 100 users), in %* Main telephone lines Cellular phones PC Internet Broadband Germany 65.53 101.92 60.47 46.67 17.03 Montenegro 10 n/a n/a n/a 44.34 4.30 Croatia 40.22 98.11 19.42 34.60 5.53 Romania 19.44 80.45 12.96 32.36 8.18 Bulgaria 31.28 107.59 6.34 24.38 5.01 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25.28 48.25 5.43 24.28 1.02 Greece 55.52 99.62 9.17 18.38 4.38 Moldova 24.27 32.38 8.28 17.35 0.52 Albania 11.30 48.89 1.73 14.98 0.01 Serbia 25.91 63.29 16.19 13.34 1.16 Source: UN E-government Survey 2008. *Sorted by Internet indicator Access, piracy and culture: the implications of digitalization in Southeastern Europe Table 2 11 provides us with information on fixed and cellular telephony in the SEE region with comparative data on the EU-25 countries (total number), showing trends in the recent period. It demonstrates that the number of subscriptions to cellular telephones is constantly rising in all of the countries of the SEE region, while the number of telephone landlines is decreasing in Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro and is slowly rising in other countries. If this trend continues, the number of cellular phone subscribers will soon be at the EU level, which is especially 10 Data for Montenegro was taken from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website. 11 This table is based on Table 11.1 taken from Eurostat (2007a). The data presented here differs in the countries defined as SEE countries in this article. 75
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Managing culture in virtual realms:
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Foreword Digital culture is a new c
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INTRODUCTION
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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynam
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