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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynamics Facebook (www.facebook.com) started in 2004 as a social networking site for university and college students. Nowadays it has more than 60 million active users, spending on average 19 minutes a day, and it has spread far beyond just students. Users can create profiles, upload hundreds of photos, tag their photos with names, comment on photos of their friends, find old friends and schoolmates, and compare interests in films, cocktail drinking, travelling and many other hobbies. The new applications and functions grow rapidly and each user can also create a new application. The software known as “Wiki” also changed the world. The obvious examples like Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org) show that it is possible to transmit the power of editing and uploading, changing and updating to the millions of people around the globe. Wikipedia is the biggest multilingual free-content encyclopaedia on the Internet and became very popular because each one of us can contribute – can write an article, evaluate the content, suggest changes and make changes. And no author is paid for contributions. There are some less known (for some of us) but also very powerful online tools, focusing on community engagement, users’ interactions and critical mass of entries: 170 • SourceWatch (www.sourcewatch.org): a collaborative project of the Center for Media and Democracy, USA, which produces a directory of people, organizations and issues shaping the public agenda. Unlike some other wikis, SourceWatch has a policy of strict referencing and is overseen by a paid editor. • Debatepedia (http://wiki.idebate.org): a wiki project of the International Debate Education Association (IDEA), improving the ability to think through complicated issues, to debate and to take an action as a citizen by participating as an editor on the site. • Torontopedia (www.torontopedia.ca): a website about Toronto, Canada that anyone can edit without being an expert in websites. This is an online project to explore, discuss and share everything about this city. • Mashable (http://mashable.com) is the world’s largest blog, focusing exclusively on social networks, and inviting users to submit a story related to their online networking experience and news. • Reddit (http://reddit.com) is a social news website, allowing users to post links to generated content and to vote on the posting by other users. The links with more voting appear more prominently. • Yelp (www.yelp.com) is an easy and fun way to find, review and talk about what’s great (and not so great) in your area. It contains users’ uploaded information on restaurants, shopping, spas, night life, beauty salons and much more. Each review is linked with the user’s profile, giving a sense of the activities of users.
The online power of users and money: can culture gain? • ClickZ network (www.clickz.com) is the largest resource of interactive marketing news, information, opinions, research and references. • Slideshare (www.slideshare.net) is a large community for sharing presentations on the Web. • Podcast.net (www.podcast.net) allows users to record a story, a presentation, a lecture, or a radio programme and then to create a podcast for listeners. • Nokia Concept Lounge (www.thesedays.com/conceptlounge) invites users to share their thoughts on the future of mobile communication. • Orange’s Talking Point (http://talkingpoint.orange.co.uk) is a place where users can say how they feel about a lot of things, not just telephones. Not without reason, Time Magazine’s 2006 Person of the Year was “You” and the reason was the phenomenon of users’ participation in generating content and self-promotion. The social networking phenomenon went even further, “decompressing” our daily life and breaking it into pieces. One example is the Twitter (http://twitter.com) service that allows users to send short messages to their family, colleagues and friends, telling others what they are doing – eating, walking, thinking, etc. It started to raise diverse reactions – from happiness because of the possibility of finding your friend to join you for a party or being connected to your beloved ones at any moment, to a sadness about too much connection for not very important things, such as what you are having for dinner, what kind of chair you are sitting on or what shampoo you are using to wash your hair. This website also raises the question of security vulnerability as everyone knows what everyone else is doing at a certain time. The phenomena of websites and portals driven by users raise numerous discussions about user-generated content, its value, level of professionalism and quality. This is because such content is usually created by non-professionals, with no expectations for profit or direct financial benefit and, in most cases, it does not have an institutional context. Users are motivated to participate in order to connect, to share, to get visibility, to express opinions and viewpoints. Content generated by users is, in most cases, the result of a collaborative effort – every next user contributes to what the previous one has said/uploaded/written. User-generated content: why culture doesn’t gain enough It seems that cultural professionals involved in cross-border cooperation, cultural networking, cultural research, policy making for the arts or managing artistic organizations and projects in Europe are not profiting enough from the opportunity to 171
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CULTURELINK Network of Networks for
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This Work has been published with t
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Culturelink Joint Publications Seri
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Managing culture in virtual realms:
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Foreword Digital culture is a new c
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INTRODUCTION
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Digital Culture: The Changing Dynam
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PART ONE DIGITAL CULTURE - THE NEW
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Introduction Media users: from read
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Media users: from readership to co-
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As John B. Thompson argues, the sup
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designers will take a back seat in
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The above-mentioned are two affirma
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The understanding of media users, a
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Transformations of cultural product
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References Transformations of cultu
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Copyright and the digital age: a co
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Challenges for cultural policies: t
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Challenges for cultural policies: t
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2006), foresaw an impressive growth
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digital resources, needs to be defi
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References Benkler, Yochai: The Wea
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Digital culture in policy documents
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communication and economic producti
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Digital culture in policy documents
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