Metal Foams: A Design Guide

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xii List of contributors Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Hutchinson@mems.harvard.edu H.N.G. Wadley Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA haydn@virginia.edu
Table of physical constants and conversion units Physical constants in SI units Absolute zero temperature Acceleration due to gravity, g Avogadro’s number, NA Base of natural logarithms, e Boltzmann’s constant, k Faraday’s constant, k Gas constant, R Permeability of vacuum, 0 Permittivity of vacuum, ε0 Planck’s constant, h Velocity of light in vacuum, c Volume of perfect gas at STP Conversion of units 273.2°C 9.807 m/s 2 6.022 ð 10 23 2.718 1.381 ð 10 23 J/K 9.648 ð 10 4 C/mol 8.314 J/mol/K 1.257 ð 10 6 H/m 8.854 ð 10 12 F/m 6.626 ð 10 34 J/s 2.998 ð 10 8 m/s 22.41 ð 10 3 m 3 /mol Angle, 1rad 57.30° Density, 1lb/ft 3 16.03 kg/m3 Diffusion coefficient, D 1cm3 /s 1.0 ð 10 4m2 /s Force, F 1 kgf 9.807 N 1 lbf 4.448 N 1 dyne 1.0 ð 10 5 N Length, l 1 ft 304.8 mm 1 inch 25.40 mm 1 ˚A 0.1 nm Mass, M 1 tonne 1000 kg 1 short ton 908 kg 1 long ton 1107 kg 1 lb mass 0.454 kg Specific heat, Cp 1 cal/g.°C 4.188 kJ/kg.°C Btu/lb.°F 4.187 kJ/kg.°C
Page 1 and 2: Metal Foams: A Design Guide
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © 2000 by Butterworth-He
Page 5 and 6: vi Contents 4.3 Foam property chart
Page 7 and 8: viii Contents 17 Case studies 217 1
Page 9: List of contributors M.F. Ashby Cam
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction Metal foams
Page 15 and 16: Activity Research Industrial take-u
Page 17 and 18: Application Comment Introduction Bi
Page 19 and 20: Cell size (cm) Making metal foams 7
Page 21 and 22: Making metal foams solidify. The th
Page 23 and 24: Making metal foams 11 2.4 Gas-relea
Page 25 and 26: a) Preform Polymer ligaments d) Rem
Page 27 and 28: a) Vapor deposition of Nickel b) Bu
Page 29 and 30: Process Steps a) Powder / Can prepa
Page 31 and 32: Making metal foams 19 flight in a t
Page 33 and 34: a) Metal - Hydrogen binary phase di
Page 35 and 36: Entrapped gas expansion Making meta
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) (c) 100µm Characterization
Page 39 and 40: E/E bulk σ peak /σ bulk 1.2 1.0 0
Page 41 and 42: Stress (MPa) Characterization metho
Page 43 and 44: Characterization methods 31 foam sp
Page 45 and 46: Characterization methods 33 ž Prop
Page 47 and 48: F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 τ Core Characteriz
Page 49 and 50: Characterization methods 37 40 40 4
Page 51 and 52: Characterization methods 39 Gioux,
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) (c) Properties of metal foa
Page 55 and 56: Table 4.1 (a) Ranges a for mechanic
Page 57 and 58: Stress, σ Schematic Young's modulu
Page 59 and 60: Properties of metal foams 47 foams.
Page 61 and 62:
Properties of metal foams 49 show t
Page 63 and 64:
Modulus 0.5 /Density (GPa 0.5 /(Mg/
Page 65 and 66:
elations take the form P Ł � Ł
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Chapter 5 Design analysis for mater
Page 69 and 70:
Table 5.1 Design requirements Desig
Page 71 and 72:
Design analysis for material select
Page 73 and 74:
5.4 Where might metal foams excel?
Page 75 and 76:
Table 6.1 Constitutive equations fo
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h SECTION h o h i d d o a b ;;; QQQ
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6.3 Elastic deflection of beams and
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6.4 Failure of beams and panels (a)
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;; ;;; ;; M ;; ;;; ;; ;;; ;; ;; ;;
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Torsion of shafts T T,q T T,q Yield
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R a 2 Flow field R F R 2a 2 F F s c
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;; ; QQ Q ¢¢ ¢ ;; ;; QQ QQ ¢¢
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; ;; Creep p e p e • Area A u F 2
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and its deviatoric (i.e. shear) com
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Normalized effective stress 1.4 1.2
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A constitutive model for metal foam
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A constitutive model for metal foam
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Stress amplitude, ∆σ + Stress,
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Axial strain (%) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 σma
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Nominal compressive strain Nominal
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σ max σ pl τ max τ pl σ max σ
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Design for fatigue with metal foams
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the net section stress criterion re
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E σ pl (m) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.1 Relat
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Chapter 9 Design for creep with met
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Design for creep with metal foams 1
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instead to: � Pε 3 D Pε0 2 s Ł
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Time to failure (hours) 10 2 10 1 1
Page 123 and 124:
Design for creep with metal foams 1
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Chapter 10 Sandwich structures Sand
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Sandwich structures 115 The elastic
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Indentation Sandwich structures 117
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H H Core shear Core shear Collapse
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0.5 10−1 t c t c 10 −2 0.5 10
Page 135 and 136:
Sandwich structures 123 the contact
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Sandwich structures 125 four sectio
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c t p p Figure 10.9 Sandwich panel
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Sandwich structures 129 with k ¾ D
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c/ Face sheet yielding 0.14 0.12 0.
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Weight index, ψ 10 −1 10 −2 10
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Sandwich structures 135 To construc
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Sandwich structures 137 The associa
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Sandwich structures 139 Note that,
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where D � 2⊲1 Eft 2 f ⊳GcR Sa
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Weight index ψ = W/2πR 2 ρ s W c
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Sandwich structures 145 plastic yie
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Sandwich structures 147 within the
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Sandwich structures 149 Shuaeib, F.
Page 163 and 164:
Energy management: packaging and bl
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Energy/Unit cost (kJ/£) 10 1 0.1 0
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
ys crushes axially at the load Ener
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Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
peak pressure MPa Impulse/(mass of
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Chapter 12 Sound absorption and vib
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Sound absorption and vibration supp
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
0 Sound absorption and vibration su
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 13 Thermal management and h
Page 195 and 196:
Thermal management and heat transfe
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Thermal management and heat transfe
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~ P ~ Re 2.6 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 14 Electrical properties of
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Electrical properties of metal foam
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Electrical properties of metal foam
Page 207 and 208:
15.3 Joining of metal foams Cutting
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Pull-out load, F p (N) 10 5 10 4 10
Page 211 and 212:
Cyclic loading of fasteners Cutting
Page 213 and 214:
Time, material, energy, capital, in
Page 215 and 216:
Cost estimation and viability 203 A
Page 217 and 218:
$/Unit Melting Schematic of the liq
Page 219 and 220:
Performance metric, P2 B Non-domina
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Cost estimation and viability 209 t
Page 223 and 224:
Cost estimation and viability 211 i
Page 225 and 226:
P 2 = 1/Loss coefficient (−) 1000
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Cost estimation and viability 215 C
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 17 Case studies Metal foams
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Case studies 219 Figure 17.2 A pres
Page 233 and 234:
Case studies 221 Figure 17.4 Highwa
Page 235 and 236:
Case studies 223 Figure 17.6 DUOCEL
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Case studies 225 density and high t
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Case studies 227 required for compa
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Maximum power density at electronic
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q *(MW/m 2) 15 10 Power density fix
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Case studies 233 which optimized sk
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e-mail: cymat@ican.net Web: www.cym
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Tel: C0043 7722 801-2125 Fax: C0043
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 19 Web sites An increasing
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http://www.seac.nl/english/recemat/
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(b) (continued) Appendix: Catalogue
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(f) Vibration-limited design Append
Page 259 and 260:
Index (Company and trade names are
Page 261 and 262:
Heat transfer 4, 182 Heat transfer
Page 263:
Surface strain mapping 36 Syntactic
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Metal Foams: A Design Guide

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