Metal Foams: A Design Guide

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250 Index Particle decomposition in semisolids 6, 12 Performance metrics 208 Permanent cores for castings 220 Plastic shock wave 163 Plastic wave speed 163 Plate 244 Plateau stress 46 Poisson’s ratio 83 Polarmomentofarea 72 Power-law creep parameters 104 Power-law creep 104 Power-law creep parameters 104 Prandtl number 186 Precision device 243 Pressure tanks 225 Primary creep 104 Properties of metal foams 40 Property charts 48 et seq, 154 Property profile 55, 56 Recommendations for sandwich design 148 Regenerators 181 Relative density 40 Resistivity 44, 54, 189 et seq Resonance 175 Reynolds number 183 Rotating drums and centrefuges 244 S–N curve 89, 94 S–N data for metal foams 94 Sample size 26 Sandwich cores 4, 113 Sandwich structures 113 et seq. Scaling relations 52 Scanning electron microscopy 24 SCHUNK GmbH 236 Second moment of area 64, 67 Secondary creep 104 Section modulus 64 Selecting foams for packaging 151 Shaft 73, 242 Shear fatigue 34 Shear modulus 45 Shear testing 30 Shih, D.S. 5 SHINKO WIRE COMPANY, Ltd 234 Shwartz, D.S. 5 Single objective optimization 58 Skin-stiffened structures 139 Skinned structures 140 Slovak Academy of Sciences 237 Sound absorption 71, 173, 220 Sound absorption in structural materials 171 Sound insulation 220 Sound-absorbing properties 173 Sound-absorbing structures 173, 221 Space applications 220 Specific heat 44, 54 Specific stiffness and strength 44 Spherical shell with internal pressure 243 Springs 73 Steady-state creep 106 Stiff machine parts 220 Stiffness and density 48 Stiffness of sandwich beams 113 Stiffness-limited design 58, 67, 113, 133 Stiffness-limited design of sandwich panels 113 et seq Strain isolation 4 Strain mapping 36 Strength and density 49 Strength limited design 59, 69, 116 Strength limited design of sandwich panels 116 et seq Strength of sandwich beams 116 Stress range 89 Stringers 139, 145 Structural characterization 24 Structural indices 125 Structure 40 Substitution 210 Suppliers, contact details 234 Suppliers of metal foams 234 Suppression of vibration 175 Surface preparation 26
Surface strain mapping 36 Syntactic foams 220 Technical cost modeling 201, 204 Technical modeling 201 Tensile ductility 46 Tensile stress-strain behavior 46 Tension-tension fatigue 89 Tertiary creep 104 Thermal and thermo-mechanical design 245 Thermal conductivity 44, 54, 183 Thermal diffusivity 44, 54 Thermal insulation materials 245 Thermal management 4, 181 et seq Thermal properties 44, 47, 50 Thermal shock resistance 245 Thermal storage materials 245 Tie, minimum weight 245 Time-to-rupture 105 Titanium hydride 6, 9, 12 TNT 167 TNT equivalents 198 Torsion of shafts 72 Toughness 43, 47, 53 Trade-off surfaces 206 Uniaxial compression testing 27 Uniaxial tension testing 29 Index 251 Value functions 208 Value modeling 206 Vapor (electro) deposition on cellular preforms 6, 14 Viability 200 Vibrating beams, tubes and disks 76 Vibration control 4, 175 Vibration suppression 171 Vibration-limited design 76 Volumetric strain-rate 81 von Mises criterion 80 von Mises effective stress 80 Wadley, H.N.G. 5 Web sites carrying information about metal foams 239 Weight-efficient structures 124 Welding, brazing and soldering of foams 195 Wrinkling 128 X-ray computed tomography 24 Yield behavior of fully dense metals 80 Yield behavior of metallic foams 46, 82 Yield strength 46 Yield surface 33, 83 Young’s modulus 42, 48
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Metal Foams: A Design Guide
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Copyright © 2000 by Butterworth-He
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vi Contents 4.3 Foam property chart
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viii Contents 17 Case studies 217 1
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List of contributors M.F. Ashby Cam
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Table of physical constants and con
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Chapter 1 Introduction Metal foams
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Activity Research Industrial take-u
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Application Comment Introduction Bi
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Cell size (cm) Making metal foams 7
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Making metal foams solidify. The th
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Making metal foams 11 2.4 Gas-relea
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a) Preform Polymer ligaments d) Rem
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a) Vapor deposition of Nickel b) Bu
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Process Steps a) Powder / Can prepa
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Making metal foams 19 flight in a t
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a) Metal - Hydrogen binary phase di
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Entrapped gas expansion Making meta
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(a) (b) (c) 100µm Characterization
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E/E bulk σ peak /σ bulk 1.2 1.0 0
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Stress (MPa) Characterization metho
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Characterization methods 31 foam sp
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Characterization methods 33 ž Prop
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F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 τ Core Characteriz
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Characterization methods 37 40 40 4
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Characterization methods 39 Gioux,
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(a) (b) (c) Properties of metal foa
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Table 4.1 (a) Ranges a for mechanic
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Stress, σ Schematic Young's modulu
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Properties of metal foams 47 foams.
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Properties of metal foams 49 show t
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Modulus 0.5 /Density (GPa 0.5 /(Mg/
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elations take the form P Ł � Ł
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Chapter 5 Design analysis for mater
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Table 5.1 Design requirements Desig
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Design analysis for material select
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5.4 Where might metal foams excel?
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Table 6.1 Constitutive equations fo
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h SECTION h o h i d d o a b ;;; QQQ
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6.3 Elastic deflection of beams and
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6.4 Failure of beams and panels (a)
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;; ;;; ;; M ;; ;;; ;; ;;; ;; ;; ;;
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Torsion of shafts T T,q T T,q Yield
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R a 2 Flow field R F R 2a 2 F F s c
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;; ; QQ Q ¢¢ ¢ ;; ;; QQ QQ ¢¢
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; ;; Creep p e p e • Area A u F 2
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and its deviatoric (i.e. shear) com
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Normalized effective stress 1.4 1.2
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A constitutive model for metal foam
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A constitutive model for metal foam
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Stress amplitude, ∆σ + Stress,
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Axial strain (%) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 σma
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Nominal compressive strain Nominal
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σ max σ pl τ max τ pl σ max σ
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Design for fatigue with metal foams
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the net section stress criterion re
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E σ pl (m) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.1 Relat
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Chapter 9 Design for creep with met
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Design for creep with metal foams 1
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instead to: � Pε 3 D Pε0 2 s Ł
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Time to failure (hours) 10 2 10 1 1
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Design for creep with metal foams 1
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Chapter 10 Sandwich structures Sand
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Sandwich structures 115 The elastic
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Indentation Sandwich structures 117
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H H Core shear Core shear Collapse
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0.5 10−1 t c t c 10 −2 0.5 10
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Sandwich structures 123 the contact
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Sandwich structures 125 four sectio
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c t p p Figure 10.9 Sandwich panel
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Sandwich structures 129 with k ¾ D
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c/ Face sheet yielding 0.14 0.12 0.
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Weight index, ψ 10 −1 10 −2 10
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Sandwich structures 135 To construc
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Sandwich structures 137 The associa
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Sandwich structures 139 Note that,
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where D � 2⊲1 Eft 2 f ⊳GcR Sa
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Weight index ψ = W/2πR 2 ρ s W c
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Sandwich structures 145 plastic yie
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Sandwich structures 147 within the
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Sandwich structures 149 Shuaeib, F.
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Energy management: packaging and bl
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Energy/Unit cost (kJ/£) 10 1 0.1 0
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ys crushes axially at the load Ener
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peak pressure MPa Impulse/(mass of
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Chapter 12 Sound absorption and vib
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Sound absorption and vibration supp
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0 Sound absorption and vibration su
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Chapter 13 Thermal management and h
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Thermal management and heat transfe
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Thermal management and heat transfe
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~ P ~ Re 2.6 1000 800 600 400 200 0
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Chapter 14 Electrical properties of
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Electrical properties of metal foam
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Electrical properties of metal foam
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15.3 Joining of metal foams Cutting
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Pull-out load, F p (N) 10 5 10 4 10
Page 211 and 212: Cyclic loading of fasteners Cutting
Page 213 and 214: Time, material, energy, capital, in
Page 215 and 216: Cost estimation and viability 203 A
Page 217 and 218: $/Unit Melting Schematic of the liq
Page 219 and 220: Performance metric, P2 B Non-domina
Page 221 and 222: Cost estimation and viability 209 t
Page 223 and 224: Cost estimation and viability 211 i
Page 225 and 226: P 2 = 1/Loss coefficient (−) 1000
Page 227 and 228: Cost estimation and viability 215 C
Page 229 and 230: Chapter 17 Case studies Metal foams
Page 231 and 232: Case studies 219 Figure 17.2 A pres
Page 233 and 234: Case studies 221 Figure 17.4 Highwa
Page 235 and 236: Case studies 223 Figure 17.6 DUOCEL
Page 237 and 238: Case studies 225 density and high t
Page 239 and 240: Case studies 227 required for compa
Page 241 and 242: Maximum power density at electronic
Page 243 and 244: q *(MW/m 2) 15 10 Power density fix
Page 245 and 246: Case studies 233 which optimized sk
Page 247 and 248: e-mail: cymat@ican.net Web: www.cym
Page 249 and 250: Tel: C0043 7722 801-2125 Fax: C0043
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 19 Web sites An increasing
Page 253 and 254: http://www.seac.nl/english/recemat/
Page 255 and 256: (b) (continued) Appendix: Catalogue
Page 257 and 258: (f) Vibration-limited design Append
Page 259 and 260: Index (Company and trade names are
Page 261: Heat transfer 4, 182 Heat transfer
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Metal Foams: A Design Guide

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