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ÀàÌÁîÈÂ¿ÌÚàÀ ÄßâÀèÍâÜíàÓàÄàÀâØÃ¿àÝàÀ åÌÆŠ×Ã 15 - 25 Óº ÁÜÃâÈìÜÌÀçÖßÀíÈ-âÈìÜÌÅéÃØà. åÌÀàÌâÀèÍÚàÀÌèòÌ ÎßÆàÆíÌÄßÀ×ÈâÍªÃÚàÀÀŠÜÌ äÈÇÀàÌãÀßâÎìÜÀÜÜÀâÍªÃ Ê‹àâØèÌÚàÀâÎèÌÅêãÈÃâÁ´Ó, ãÀŠÌâÎèÌÅêÓŠ×ÃâÁ´Ó ÅßãÈÃ×Šà ÚàÀÅîÀãÖ‹× Ä±ÃâÀèÍâÜíà. ÀàÌâÀèÍÚàÀãÙŠÃË¯ÇèÃÍ¡ËèÌÅîÀÈê ÄßæÈ‹ÚàÀãÙŠÃÂîÌÌßÑàÍÉœ ãÖß ÓèÀÄßÉíÀäÚß.ÏíÌÏßÖéÈ, –Â×àÓÈíÀÙàÔïŠãÁ×ÃÄáÎàÅèÀ, Å×ÌÎïÀÚàÀãÙŠÃË¯ÓêÂ×àÓÙàãÙ‹Ì 12,000-25,000 É¿Ì/âÝèÀÉà åØ‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈ 80 -– 200 ÀéäÖ ÚàÀãÙŠÃÅíÈ/âÝèÀÉà Ûì âË³àÀèÍÎßÓàÌ 14 - 40 ÀéäÖ ÚàÀãØ‹Ã/âÝèÀÉà. ÏíÌÏßÖéÈÅïÃÅîÈ ÄßæÈ‹ÝèÍ ØðèÃÄàÀÎïÀ æÈ‹ 4-5 Îê, ãÉŠÅ×ÌÎïÀÄßÅìÍÉ¡åØ‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈÔŠàÃÇìÌÌàÌâÊéÃ 50 Îê Ûì ÌàÌÀ×ŠàÌ¸. äÈÇÅßâÖñÇãÖ‹×, ÂÜÍÂí×Ì±ÃÅàÓàÈâÀèÍÚàÀãÙŠÃÄàÀÎŠàæÈ‹ÎßÓàÌ 108 ÀéäÖ/Îê, ÌëñÃÂíÌ ÅàÓàÈâÀèÍÚàÀãÙŠÃæÈ‹ 5 ÀéäÖÉ¡ 4 Óìò. Æà×Í‹àÌÏï‹Ý¨ÃÓêÓèÀÄßâÀèÍÚàÀãÙŠÃ ØðàÇÀ×ŠàÆà×Í‹àÌÏï‹–ËîÀØÇàÀ. ÄàÀÀçÖßÌêÅëÀÅà æÈ‹ÑíÍâØèÌ×Šà ÚàÀãÙŠÃÁÞ×åØ‹‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈÙ‹ÜÇ ãÉŠ×ŠàæÈ‹ÖàÂàÈêÀ×Šà. ÚàÀãÙŠÃÀ×àÃÉî‹Ã åØ‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈãÀŠÌãÖß ÚàÀ ØðàÇÀ×ñà ÚàÀãÙŠÃãÈÃ 10%-30% ãÖß ÀçåØ‹ÌŸÓèÌãÀŠÌ Ë¯ÓêÂîÌÌßÑàÍÅïÃÀ×Šà.Á§ÓïÌÄàÀãÁ×ÃÏ¿ÃÅàÖê æÈ‹Æ¸åØ‹âØèÌ×Šà ÚàÀãÙŠÃÀ×àÃÉî‹Ã åØ‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈ 600 ÀéäÖ ÚàÀÅíÈ/âÝèÀÉà ÄàÀÀàÌÎïÀåÌæÖÇßØŠàÃ 1 Ó x 1 Ó (Í¡ÉèÈÅàÃ), ãÖß ÅàÓàÈâÀèÍÀï‹ÏíÌÏßÖéÈæÈ‹40 äÉÌ - 50 äÉÌ ÄàÀÅ×ÌÎïÀ 300 âÝèÀÉà (2005).ÖßÍÞÍÀàÌÂî‹ÓÂÜÃÚàÀãÙŠÃË¯âÀêÈÉàÓËáÓßÆàÈ ËîÀÂíÌÅàÓàÈâÀèÍæÈò. ÔïŠÍàÃÍ‹àÌË¯ÓêÀàÌÄèÈÉ´ÃÈê âÁíàâÄ¿àæÈ‹ÓêÀàÌÀáÌíÈ ×èÌËêñÜßÌîÇàÈåØ‹ÅàÓàÈâÖ¯ÓÉ¿ÌâÀèÍÀï‹ÚàÀãÙŠÃ. ÚàÀãÙŠÃË¯ÎïÀâÜíà Êì×ŠàâÎèÌÀáÓßÅéÈÁÜÃÏï‹ÎïÀ.Â×àÓÇìÌÌàÌÀàÌâÀèÍÚàÀ ãÓŠÌÓêÏíÌÀßËíÍÙ‹ÜÇ É¡ãÓŠÑèÌÁÜÃÚàÀãÙŠÃ Ûì É¡ÀàÌâÀêÈÂìÌåÚŠÁÜÃÓèÌâÌ²ÜÃÄàÀ×ñà ÀàÌÁßØÇàÇÑèÌÚàÀãÙŠÃ É¿ÌÉçãÖ‹× ãÓŠÌÈ‹×ÇÀàÌãÍŠÃâØÃ¿àÝàÀ. ÀàÌÇàÈãÇŠÃÀèÌâÀèÍÚàÀãÙŠÃ ÓèÀâÝèÈåØ‹ÓêÀàÌâÀèÍÚàÀÜŠÜÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÊÜÌÝàÀÁÜÃÓèÌ Æ±ÃâÎèÌÏíÌâÝèÈåØ‹ ÏíÌÏßÖéÈåÌÖßÈïÀàÌÉ¡æÎ ÖíÈÖíÃæÎÉàÓ. åÌÀçÖßÌêË¯ÓêÀàÌÊÜÌÝàÀâÆ¨ÌÌ¸,ÄßÉ‹ÜÃæÈ‹ÎßâØÃ¿àÝàÀÅŠ×ÌÌ±Ãæ×‹âÊéÃ 2 Îê âÑ²ÜåØ‹ÅìÍÑèÌÂìÌæÈò.ÅßÊàÌßÑàÍ–âÆêÃ–ÜßÌîÖèÀÄáÌ×ÌÂíÌË¯âÀèÍÀï‹ÚàÀãÙŠÃÓêÀàÌÛîÈÖíÃ Ç‹ÜÌ×Šà ÖàÂàÁÜÃÚàÀãÙŠÃÌ´ÌÉíÀÉœ ãÖßÑ‹ÜÓÈÞ× ÀçÇ‹ÜÌ×Šà ÚàÀãÙŠÃË¯ÓêÔïŠÎŠàËáÓßÆàÈÌ´Ì ÓêÙ‹ÜÇÖíÃÌá.236NTFP handbook.indb 23603/05/2009 8:49:43 AM
–ÀàÌÎîÃãÉŠÃÇ‹ÜÌ–×Šà ÚàÀ–ãÙñÃ ÊìÀ–âÀèÍ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–ÖßÈïÐíÌ, ÓèÌ–Ä±Ã–ÅŠÞÃ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÉíÀ–äÚß –âÑàß–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–Í¡–ÑÞÃÑç–âÑ²Ü–ÉàÀ–åØ‹ãØ‹ÃÈê. ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–ÃË¯–Í¡–æÈ‹–ãÀß–âÎìÜÀ–ÜÜÀ–Ì´Ì ÎíÀÀßÉé–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–âÜíà–ÉàÀ–ãÈÈ ÛìÔòàÃ–æÒ Ûì –ÜíÍ–åÌ–âÉíà –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÀÅà–Í¡ –åØ‹ –ÌŸÓèÌÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–Öß–âØê–ÇÛàÇ. ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ– –åØ‹ –ãØ‹Ã–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹ –â×ÖàÎßÓàÌ 4-5 Æ³×–äÓÃ –äÈÇ––åØ‹–Â×àÓ–Ý‹ÜÌ–åÌ–âÉíà ––ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÈèÍ–Ë¯Ñç–åÆ‹Óì–ÐêÃ–æÈ‹. ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–ãØ‹ÃÉ‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ãØ‹Ã–ÅßÚœÅß–âÚê –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÂîÌ–ÌßÑàÍÅßÚœÅß–âÚê. âÓ²Ü–ÓèÌ–ãØ‹Ã–Èê, ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–ÃÅíÈ–ÄáÌ×Ì 15 Àé–äÖ– –Äß–æÈ‹ 3 Àé–äÖ –ÚàÀ–ãØ‹Ã. –ÀàÌâÀèÍ–ÝèÀÅà É‹ÜÃ–âÀèÍ–æ×‹–åÌ–äÜŠ–Ã–ãÀ‹× –åÌØ‹ÜÃ–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖíÓÖŠ×Ã–Èê. –ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã–Ë¯ãØ‹Ã–Èê– Äß–ÅàÓàÈâÀèÍ–ÝèÀÅà–æ×‹–ÔŠàÃÈíÌ–ÌàÌ. ÔïŠ–Îß–âËÈ–ÄêÌ–,–âÑªÌ–âÜíàÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã–æÎÎîÃ–ãÉŠÃ–âÎèÌ–ÌŸÓèÌ–ØÜÓ–Öß–âØê–Ç –ãÖß ÔïŠ–Îß–âËÈ–æË–– –ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–×éËê–É¿Ó–À¨Ì–âÑ²Ü–ÅßÀèÈ–âÜíàÌŸÓèÌãÀŠ–ÌÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã.ÓàÈÊàÌÂîÌÌßÑàÍÚàÀ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ãØ‹Ã, ÅßÜàÈ –ãÖß ––ÇèÃ–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÀß–ÜÜÀÄàÀ–ÚàÀ –âÑ²Ü––åØ‹ÝèÀÅà–ÖíÈ–ÆàÈ–æ×‹–æÈ‹.ÀàÌ–ÂèÈ–âÀÕÈ Äß–ÂèÈ–ÉàÓ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÚàÀ Ûì ÀîŠ–ÓÁÜÃ–ãÀŠÌ, ÄáÌ×Ì–ÁÜ–Ã–ÚàÀË¯–Í¡–ãÀŠ– –ãÖßÚàÀãÀŠ–âÀêÌ–æÎ, ÄáÌ×Ì–ÁÜÃãÀñÌË¯–ÉíÀ–äÚß –ãÖß ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÅªÃ–âÄìÜ–ÎíÌ. Ñ¡Â‹à–æË– Äß–ÇÜÓÝèÍÀà–ÌÉíÀäÚß –ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÜèÈÉà– 3% ÁÜÃ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ÚàÀ. –ãÀŠÌÊìÀ–ÂèÈ–âÎèÌ 3 Îß–âÑÈÈ‹×Ç–ÀèÌ Âì: (1)–ãÀŠÌ–ãÀŠÅêÈá–ÎíÌ–ÂàÓ, (2) –ãÀŠÌ–Ë¯–ãÀŠ–äÑÈ– ÅêÈá, –ãÖß (3) –ãÀŠÌ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ØèÀ.ÀàÌÉßÛàÈÚàÀ–ãÙŠ –Ã– æÈ‹ –ÎßÀÜÍÅŠ×Ì–ÜèÌ–ÅáÂèÌ– åØ‹ –ãÀŠ –ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ– –âÎèÌ–âÃéÌÅíÈ –ÁÜÃÂÜÍÂí×–ÆíÌÌßÍíÈ. ÔïŠ –åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Ë‹àÇ–ÁÜÃËíÈ–Åß–×èÈ –Îê 1990, ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–ÜÜÀÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã– ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÜèÌ–ÈèÍ ÝÜÃ–ÓàÄàÀ–Àà–âÒ–Æ±ÃâÎèÌÏßÖéÈÏíÌ–ÀßÅéÀáÅ³Ã–ÜÜÀ ÜèÌ–ÈèÍ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ– – ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×–. –åÌÖßØ×ŠàÃ–Îê –1995 –ãÖß 1999ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–ÜÜÀ Åß–âÖñÇÉ¡ –Îê –ãÓŠÌÎßÓàÌ 285– äÉÌ– åÌ– –ÖàÂà– –ÎßÓàÌ 4.80 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ–ÚàÀ–ãØ‹Ã. Æà×Í‹àÌ–Ïï‹ –âÀèÍ, äÈÇ–Ëíñ×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×, –æÈ‹ –ÝèÍ–Îß–ÓàÌ 0.6 - 1.6 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ –ÚàÀ– –ãØ‹Ã,Åß–âÖñÇÚíÈ–Îê–ãÖ‹× –æÈ‹–ÎßÓàÌ 18 ÈÜÌ–Öà/ÂÜÍÂí×.– ÖàÂà–Å³Ã–ÜÜÀ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã–ãØ‹Ã –ãÓŠÌ–ÂíÃ–Éí×ÔïŠ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 7 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ âÊéÃÎê 1993 ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì Àç–Û‡îÈ–ÖíÃ–âÖºÜÇƒ–Óà ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ ÖàÂà–ÎßÓàÌ0.8 - 5 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ –åÌ–Îê 2002-2005, –åÌ–ÁßÌß–Ë¯–ÖàÂàÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–ÃÅíÈ –ÁàÇ–ÀèÌ–åÌÖàÂà–ÎßÓàÌ 0.2-2.4 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ. –åÌ–Îê 1998 Æà×Í‹àÌ–ÌŸ–ãÑÃ–, –ãÁ×Ã–ÜîÈíÓ–æÆ– Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍÅß–âÖñÇ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠÃÁàÇ ÎßÓàÌ 3.7 ÈÜÌ–Öà/×èÌ –äÈÇ–Åß–âÖñÇÀàÌ– –âÀèÍ–É¡ –ÂíÌ–É¡ –×èÌ ÎßÓàÌ0.8 Àé–äÖ–. ÎßÄî–ÍèÌÌ¸, ÔïŠ –ãÁ×Ã–ÅßØ×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ– ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–É¡ –ÂíÌ–É¡ –×èÌ ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ –ÃÁàÇ–ãÓŠÌ––ÎßÓàÌ 1.3 ÈÜÌ–Öà. ËêñãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà– ÂÜÍÂí×–Ë¯–âÀèÍ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–ÎßÓàÌ13 ÈÜÌÖà/ÂÜÍÂí×/Îê. ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–ÃÀ×àÃ–ÉîòÃ –ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÖàÂà–ÈêÀ×Šà –ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–ÃÑèÌ–Ü²Ìƒ –âÊéÃ50% (2.5-3.5 ÈÜÌ–Öà/Àé–äÖ–ãØ‹Ã).– ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–ÜÜÀ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã –ãÓŠÌ–ÎßÓàÌ 1,000 Øà1,800– äÉÌ/Îê –ãÖß –åÌ–Ì¸ ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÁàÇ–æÎ–Îß–âËÈ–ÄêÌ –ãÉŠ–Àç–Óê–ÍàÃ–ÅŠ×ÌÁàÇ–æÎ âÀíàØðê,–æË –ãÖß –×ÞÈÌàÓ. ÄêÌ–æÈ‹–ÁàÇ–ÚàÀ–ãÙŠ–Ã– åÌ–ÝïÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÌ–ÅßÀèÈ– ÏŠàÌ–ÜéÌ–âÉê–ãÌèÈ –åÌÖàÂà17.4 ÈÜÌ–Öà/100 ÀðàÓ.237NTFP handbook.indb 23703/05/2009 8:49:43 AM
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Page 426 and 427:
Po sa 291San 296Sisiet 365Som phot
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NUoLBetween 1975 and 1995, there we
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NOTES422NTFP handbook.indb 42203/05
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