Processing: Creative Coding and Computational Art

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Interactivity Figure 4-13. Puff People take for granted that when a mouse or other pointing device is connected to their computer, the computer will respond to all their wants and desires—or at least clicks. Obviously, the computer needs a little more motivation than that. Mouse presses, releases, hovers, enters, exits, moves, and drags are all loosely classified as mouse events, which can be further classified more generally as simply events. Event handling is the basis of interactivity. Events can be mouse behavior, but they can also be window events (resizing a window), keyboard events (pressing a key), menu events (selecting from a pull-down menu), or focus events (selecting a dialog window, palette, or text field as the active area, which usually then accepts additional input such as filling in a text field with a word). Essentially, any input or state change that the computer can detect can be processed as an event. There are two main aspects to interactivity or working with events: event detection and the event handling. Event detection COMPUTER GRAPHICS, THE FUN, EASY WAY Processing and Java have a built-in low-level event detection mechanism, which is a good thing. If they didn’t, we would be forced to create an endless event loop, constantly checking to see if events were occurring. This approach, called polling, is complicated and eats up CPU cycles (CPU processing time). Part of the reason it is potentially confusing deals with the very nature of how the computer works. A single-processor machine (with one CPU) ultimately needs to handle one operation or process at a time. The CPU might be 139 4
PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COMPUTATIONAL ART 140 able to handle billions of operations per second, but each process is still distinct. The illusion that a single computer processor is handling simultaneous events is a function of our relatively slow eyes and their inability to see the tiny delays. Event handling Returning to Processing and Java’s event mechanism, if we don’t need to create our own loop to detect events, how is it done? Java’s runtime environment, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), takes care of it for us. In addition, there is an Event class that encapsulates event properties and methods. When an event occurs, the Event class detects it and in a sense broadcasts it throughout the program. How we receive the broadcast and what we do with it is mostly what we have to worry about. This efficient system makes event handling relatively easy in Java and, as you might suspect, even easier in Processing. Here’s a simple interactive example in which you can click the screen to randomize the sketch. The event detection code in the example happens within the if statement in the draw() function, checking the mousePressed condition. When the mouse is pressed, the condition evaluates to true and the setRandomStyle() function is called. // click to randomize float x, y, squareSize; color bgColor, strokeColor, fillColor; float strokeWt; void setup(){ size(400, 400); rectMode(CENTER); x = width/2; y = height/2; setRandomStyle(); frameRate(30); } void draw(){ background(bgColor); strokeWeight(strokeWt); stroke(strokeColor); fill(fillColor); rect(x, y, squareSize, squareSize); if (mousePressed){ setRandomStyle(); } } void setRandomStyle(){ bgColor = color(random(255), random(255), random(255)); strokeColor = color(random(255), random(255), random(255)); fillColor = color(random(255), random(255), random(255)); strokeWt = random(5, 100); squareSize = random(10, 300); }
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IrA GreenberG CreATe CoDe ArT, vIsu
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Processing: Creative Coding and Com
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Foreword . . .
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CONTENTS Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS viii The joy of math . . .
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CONTENTS x Applying OOP to shape cr
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CONTENTS xii Environment . . . . .
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FOREWORD If you are like me (and th
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR With an eclectic b
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very fortunate
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INTRODUCTION Welcome to Processing:
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INTRODUCTION xxii Intended audience
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INTRODUCTION xxiv Setting up Proces
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INTRODUCTION xxvi Hopefully by now
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INTRODUCTION xxviii Figure 3. Scree
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INTRODUCTION xxx New or changed cod
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1 CODE ART
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The problem with a Photoshop filter
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Figure 1-3. Example of ancient art
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then jump 400 years to 1614 and Joh
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fertile imagination remained intact
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As an aside, it’s worth observing
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John Whitney Sr., 1918-1995 John Wh
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algorithms. To learn more about Coh
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landfill/), and Feed (www.potatolan
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periodicals such as Art Journal, Wi
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And many more . . . While I have in
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2 CREATIVE CODING
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I think what was reinforced for me
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customized commands, and run loops.
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of code that work like processing m
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introduced to become larger, more c
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Without getting too geeky, the main
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A framework is just a concept for b
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algorithm in a math class in high s
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frame. The loop keeps running and k
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the time to play at whatever level
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} pts[counter2].y-yg); xg*=-1; coun
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The overall movement was good, but
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Obviously, there are a lot of thing
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} } // generates organic looking br
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3 CODE GRAMMAR 101
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Your first program In most programm
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message comes up on the bar in the
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Since the getBreed() method would r
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Variables Variables are essential t
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It’s because strict typing helps
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Stage 3 adds the gradient: /* title
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Next, I assign values to some primi
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In the first preceding example, add
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Assignment operators The only other
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* title: Bouncing Ball description:
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Animation is a perfect example of t
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if (hunger= starving) { eatAnything
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Ternary operator The last condition
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The items array has 50 places reser
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println(x); x += 1; } while(x
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4. Continuous radial gradi
Page 122 and 123: int ballCount = 500; int ballSize =
Page 124 and 125: Hopefully, you were able to success
Page 126 and 127: function call above*/ // fill(i*255
Page 128 and 129: If you run this, you should see a 1
Page 130 and 131: yspeed*=-1; } } Within the draw() f
Page 132 and 133: void checkCollisions(int xp, int yp
Page 134 and 135: createRect(50, 50, 100, 100, 20, 5,
Page 138 and 139: 4 COMPUTER GRAPHICS, THE FUN, EASY
Page 140 and 141: Some of the reasons coding graphics
Page 142 and 143: When working in a 3D coordinate sys
Page 144 and 145: plotted, the vertices are connected
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Page 150 and 151: Within each of these application ar
Page 152 and 153: don’t realize you’re doing it
Page 154 and 155: Geometry Like algebra, geometry dat
Page 156 and 157: (second-degree) curve has one turni
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Page 160 and 161: This linear motion would plot as a
Page 162 and 163: and began doubling. By step 80, the
Page 164 and 165: *Simple Repeating Wave Pattern Ira
Page 166 and 167: float waveGap = 10; float frequency
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Page 172: Events will be covered and implemen
Page 175 and 176: PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COM
Page 204 and 205: 6 LINES
Page 206 and 207: Figure 6-2. Two-point sketch Adding
Page 208 and 209: Streamlining the sketch with a whil
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Page 212 and 213: Figure 6-7. Randomized particle spr
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6-9. Multiple randomized par
Page 216 and 217: Coding a grid To begin, I’ll show
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float steps = totalPts+1; int total
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Creating space through fades Your l
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for (int j=0; j
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Figure 6-19. Yin Yang Fade sketch,
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coordinates of the line. For exampl
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Figure 6-24. End cap variation exam
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Figure 6-25. Auto Layout sketch Thi
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int xPadding = 150; int yPadding =
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Figure 6-27. Table Layout II sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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This is the same drawTable() functi
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easy. The benefit of internally rec
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I call my custom function makeRect(
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As you might suspect, anti-aliasing
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call scribble function strokeWeight
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else { } // extra line needed to at
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smooth(); float x = random(width);
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Figure 6-36. Concentric Maze sketch
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void setup(){ //these values can be
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Create a Triangle size(400, 400); b
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Figure 6-39. Create 3 Triangles ske
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Poly Pattern I (table structure) /*
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Poly Pattern II (spiral) /* Poly Pa
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Poly Pattern III (polystar) /* Poly
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Figure 6-46. Poly Pattern III (poly
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7 CURVES
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size(200, 200); background(255); in
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You should notice some familiar str
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int margin = height/15; strokeWeigh
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Figure 7-8. Revealing the points ma
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* Curves II Ira Greenberg, December
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lower particle speed ySpeed[i]*=gra
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Figure 7-11. Curves simulating a fo
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Figure 7-13. Damping effect on curv
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particle style strokeWeight(strokeS
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By using functions to organize a pr
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 7-18. Generating a curve wit
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float x = 0, y = 0; int loopLimit =
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concentric circles size(200, 200);
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Pie charts, although valuable as vi
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curve() and bezier() The next two P
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Next is an interactive example that
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Figure 7-27. Interpolating a Bézie
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ezier(350, 100, 400, 150, 350, 250,
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Figure 7-30. Spline curve using Pro
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curve segments noFill(); // comment
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control handles fill(255); ellipse(
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Figure 7-32. bezier() vs. bezierVer
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curveVertex(92+x, 15); curveVertex(
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strokeWeight(.75); stroke(0); rectM
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Figure 7-35. Bézier Ellipse sketch
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I included one last example (shown
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curveTightness(tightness); beginSha
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Summary Curves, and the math behind
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PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COM
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10 COLOR AND IMAGING
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left squares fill(255, 120, 0); rec
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the color. Up to this point in the
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} radius*=ratio; ratio-=.1; } } els
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Figure 10-4. Alpha sketch In this e
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A quick review of creating transfor
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* Nematode - stage 1 Ira Greenberg,
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Figure 10-8. Nematode sketch (stage
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Figure 10-9. Finished Nematode sket
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the decreasing wavelengths of the i
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values, just to illustrate the poss
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lerpColor() uses the same approach
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I want to mention two final points
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column for (int i=x; i
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needs to be increased, as radius in
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Figure 10-19. Wave Gradient sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 10-23. Load an Image sketch
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The image() function has an extra f
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In the last example, I created an a
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Figure 10-27. Simple Image Encrypti
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Figure 10-28. Pixilate sketch The n
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Figure 10-30. Tint sketch Speeding
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* Tint (using bitwise operations) C
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the book that a primitive type is d
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The mask works like an alpha channe
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ect(random(width), random(height),
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This last sketch couldn’t be simp
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separate out and invert component c
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Figure 10-39. GRAY Filter sketch Th
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adius is set high, the blurring can
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lend() PImage Method sketch // both
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Figure 10-45. blend() Function with
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The next sketch utilizes some for l
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In the last example, I used Process
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Inheritance In OOP, inheritance des
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AXIS_VERTICAL from outside the Grad
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y axis if(axis == AXIS_VERTICAL){ f
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calculate differences between color
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c7 = color(0); c8 = color(255); r1
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In the “Imaging” section, you d
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12 INTERACTIVITY
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} public void mouseClicked(MouseEve
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void setup(){ size(400, 400); // in
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initialize x, y x = width/2.0; y =
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float friction = .85; float[]jitter
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nodeYPos = append(nodeYPos, mouseY)
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As usual, I declare global variable
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are filled with black. Using the in
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} } } } } // bottom display window
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color btnUpState = color(200, 200,
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float xSpeed = 0; color movingSquar
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xSpeed-=.2; btn1Background = btnDow
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mouse trails if (isTrailable){ fill
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isTrailsSelected, which changes the
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shapes. The following example, in s
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set initial button background color
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also makes the code a little harder
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stroke(200); rect(eraserBtn[0], era
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} sliderValue = (sliderHandle[0]-sl
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if (!isBrushSelected){ if (mouseX>b
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selection can be active at a time.
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ectBackground = color(255, 0, 0); }
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is smaller (vertically) than the en
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keys 2-8 control number of edges fo
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strokeWeight(strokeWt); float angle
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Summary We began this chapter compa
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A PROCESSING LANGUAGE API
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http://processing.org/. My main obj
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its binary equivalent. I used some
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part of the article as well. My sug
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Example 1: A Java approach void set
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The combination of these two struct
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Example 3: Creating a honeycomb gra
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Conditionals Conditionals and the r
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Shape // top and bottom boundaries
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You’ll notice that by default, th
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start dragging if flag true for (in
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pushMatrix(); rotateY(-frameCount*P
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egular polygon size(400, 400); smoo
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texture(images[3]); vertex(w, -h/2,
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lots of arrays float[]x = new float
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Keyboard Figure A-9. Box Springs sk
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entering CMD). When using a command
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hour hand strokeWeight(2); stroke(5
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In the next example, I use beginRec
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Transformations include moving, sca
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float ang; int rows = 20; int cols
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vertex(-w/2 + shiftX, -h/2 + shiftY
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Lights The Lights section includes
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system, you can try lowering the re
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ankAngle+=bankSpeed; vert = -600 +z
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Setting The Setting section include
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ellipseMode(CORNER); fill(200, 200,
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of this part of the API. These myst
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Image The Image section relates ver
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Loading & Displaying The Loading &
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these elements is the creation of a
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Typography Processing utilizes mult
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This will output a list of all the
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“Operators” will hopefully soun
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The noise() function is an advanced
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B MATH REFERENCE
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After multiplying, you can reduce t
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Here’s an example: When dividing,
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Figure B-1. Using a right triangle
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Here’s how the process works: pic
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In Figure B-5, the point p is at 45
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ect (px, py, 5, 5); stroke(100); li
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manipulation is one area in which b
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the number, as shown in the followi
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Here’s the output: c1 in binary =
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This sketch outputs the following:
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I’m not going to provide examples
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simple-looking paint bucket tool in
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Figure B-7. Color variations filter
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INDEX 776 SYMBOLS AND NUMERICS /* a
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INDEX 778 beginShape function, 209
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INDEX 780 clipping planes, frustum,
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INDEX 782 naming conventions/rules,
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INDEX 784 functions, 440 loadPixels
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INDEX 786 filter function, 452-459
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INDEX 788 minute, 708 modelX/modelY
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INDEX 790 H haptics, 108 has-a rela
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INDEX 792 MouseListener interface,
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INDEX 794 M Mac keyboard shortcuts,
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INDEX 796 classes, 304, 321 constan
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INDEX 798 coding in 3D, 616 mapping
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INDEX 800 procedures see functions
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INDEX 802 Hybrid Shape, 366, 368 Hy
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INDEX 804 radians, converting betwe
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INDEX 806 Nematode sketch, 411, 413
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INDEX 808 text Orbiting Text sketch
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INDEX 810 VERY_HIGH option, encrypt
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