Processing: Creative Coding and Computational Art

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serious?” When I was an art student, I would have reacted the same way. And I remember studying trig in high school and not getting its relevance at all. Also, lacking discipline, I wasn’t very capable of just taking my trig medicine like a good patient. So basically, I’ve had to teach myself trigonometry again. However, what I got this time was how absolutely fascinating and relevant trig (and math in general) is, especially for visually modeling organic motion and other natural phenomena—from the gentle rolling waves of the ocean, to a complex swarm, to the curvilinear structure of a seashell. Math really can be an expressive and creative medium (but perhaps not in high school). Finally, and likely most reassuring to some readers, playing with math in Processing is pretty darn easy—no proofs or cramming required. Toward a left/right brain integration I once had a teacher who said something to the effect that there is significance in the things that bore us, and ultimately these are the things that we should study. I thought at the time that he was being annoyingly pretentious. However, I’ve come to recognize something important in his suggestion. I don’t necessarily think we need to study all the things that bore us. But I do think that at times, the feeling of boredom may be as much a defense mechanism as it is a real indicator of how we truly feel about something. I’ve become aware of the feeling of boredom in my own process, and notice it usually occurring when there is fear or anxiety about the work I’m doing (or the pressure I’m putting on myself). However, when I push through the boredom and get into a flow, I’m usually fine. I’ve heard many artists talk about the difficulty they have in getting started in their studios, spending too much time procrastinating. I think procrastination also relates to this notion of boredom as defense mechanism. My (unproven) hypothesis is that we sometimes feel boredom when we’re stretching our brains, almost like a muscular reflex. The boredom is the brain’s attempt to maintain the status quo. However, making art is never about the status quo. Dealing with subjects like programming and math also seems to generate the sensation of boredom in people. Some people find it uncomfortable to think too intensely about analytical abstractions. I don’t think this phenomenon has anything to do with one’s innate intelligence; it just seems we each develop cognitive patterns that are hard to change, especially as we get older. As I’ve learned programming over the years, I’ve experienced a lot of these boredom sensations. At times, I’ve even (theatrically) wondered how far can I stretch my brain without going bonkers. I think it is especially scary for some of us to develop the less-dominant sides of our minds (or personalities). As artists, that is often (but certainly not always) the left side of our brain (the analytical side). However, I firmly believe that we will be more self-actualized if we can achieve a left/right brain integration. I even conjecture that the world would be a better place if more people perceived their reality through an integrated mind—so make code art and save the world! Well, enough of my blathering. Let’s start Processing! INTRODUCTION xxiii
INTRODUCTION xxiv Setting up Processing If you haven’t already downloaded Processing, you should do so now. You’ll (obviously) need a working copy of the software/language to follow the tutorials throughout the book. To download the latest version, go to http://processing.org/download/index. html. If you’re not sure which version to download, keep reading. As of this writing, the latest downloadable version of the software is 0124 BETA, released February 4, 2007. It’s possible, by the time you’re reading this, that the release number has changed, as the developers are in the process of stabilizing the current beta release as version 1.0. Any changes made to the language between beta release 0124 and version 1.0 should be very minor and primarily focused on debugging existing functionality. For more information about the different releases, check out http://processing.org/download/revisions.txt. Since Processing is a Java application, any platform that can run Java can theoretically run Processing. However, Processing is only officially released for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, and the software is only extensively tested on Windows and OS X. Linux users are somewhat on their own. Here’s what the Processing site says in regard to Linux users: For the Linux version, you guys can support yourselves. If you’re enough of a hacker weenie to get a Linux box set up, you oughta know what’s going on. For lack of time, we won’t be testing extensively under Linux, but would be really happy to hear about any bugs or issues you might run into . . . so we can fix them. For more details about platform support, please check out http://processing.org/ reference/environment/platforms.html#supported. In selecting a version to download, Mac and Linux users have only one choice; Windows users have two choices: Processing with or without Java. The recommendation is to download Processing with Java. However, the without-Java version is available if download size is an issue and you know you have Java installed. If you’re not sure whether you have Java installed, and/or the idea of changing your PATH variable gives you the willies, please download Processing with Java. If you still want to download them separately, here’s a link (but remember, you’ve been warned): http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/ index.jsp. OS X users already have Java installed, thanks to the good people at Apple. Regarding Java, the most current version available on Windows is Java SE 6 (the SE stands for Standard Edition). On OS X, Java releases typically lag behind, and the most current version is J2SE 5 (the names are also annoyingly a little different). The most current version on Linux is also J2SE 5. If all this isn’t confusing enough, Processing only supports J2SE 1.4
Page 1 and 2: IrA GreenberG CreATe CoDe ArT, vIsu
Page 3 and 4: Processing: Creative Coding and Com
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Foreword . . .
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Foreword . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS viii The joy of math . . .
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS x Applying OOP to shape cr
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xii Environment . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD If you are like me (and th
Page 17 and 18: ABOUT THE AUTHOR With an eclectic b
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very fortunate
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION Welcome to Processing:
Page 23: INTRODUCTION xxii Intended audience
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION xxvi Hopefully by now
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION xxviii Figure 3. Scree
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION xxx New or changed cod
Page 34 and 35: 1 CODE ART
Page 36 and 37: The problem with a Photoshop filter
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1-3. Example of ancient art
Page 40 and 41: then jump 400 years to 1614 and Joh
Page 42 and 43: fertile imagination remained intact
Page 44 and 45: As an aside, it’s worth observing
Page 46 and 47: John Whitney Sr., 1918-1995 John Wh
Page 48 and 49: algorithms. To learn more about Coh
Page 50 and 51: landfill/), and Feed (www.potatolan
Page 52 and 53: periodicals such as Art Journal, Wi
Page 54 and 55: And many more . . . While I have in
Page 58 and 59: 2 CREATIVE CODING
Page 60 and 61: I think what was reinforced for me
Page 62 and 63: customized commands, and run loops.
Page 64 and 65: of code that work like processing m
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Page 68 and 69: Without getting too geeky, the main
Page 70 and 71: A framework is just a concept for b
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frame. The loop keeps running and k
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the time to play at whatever level
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} pts[counter2].y-yg); xg*=-1; coun
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The overall movement was good, but
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Obviously, there are a lot of thing
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} } // generates organic looking br
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3 CODE GRAMMAR 101
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Your first program In most programm
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message comes up on the bar in the
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Since the getBreed() method would r
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Variables Variables are essential t
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It’s because strict typing helps
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Stage 3 adds the gradient: /* title
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Next, I assign values to some primi
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In the first preceding example, add
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Assignment operators The only other
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* title: Bouncing Ball description:
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Animation is a perfect example of t
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if (hunger= starving) { eatAnything
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Ternary operator The last condition
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The items array has 50 places reser
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println(x); x += 1; } while(x
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Figure 3-4. Continuous radial gradi
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int ballCount = 500; int ballSize =
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Hopefully, you were able to success
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function call above*/ // fill(i*255
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If you run this, you should see a 1
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yspeed*=-1; } } Within the draw() f
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void checkCollisions(int xp, int yp
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createRect(50, 50, 100, 100, 20, 5,
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4 COMPUTER GRAPHICS, THE FUN, EASY
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Some of the reasons coding graphics
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When working in a 3D coordinate sys
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plotted, the vertices are connected
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eally shines. And remember, as you
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need to be stored in memory, and th
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Within each of these application ar
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don’t realize you’re doing it
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Geometry Like algebra, geometry dat
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(second-degree) curve has one turni
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or possibly even a complete crash o
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This linear motion would plot as a
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and began doubling. By step 80, the
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*Simple Repeating Wave Pattern Ira
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float waveGap = 10; float frequency
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a piece of paper and do a little mo
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Interactivity Figure 4-13. Puff Peo
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Events will be covered and implemen
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PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COM
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6 LINES
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Figure 6-2. Two-point sketch Adding
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Streamlining the sketch with a whil
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type into the sketch. Although the
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Figure 6-7. Randomized particle spr
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Figure 6-9. Multiple randomized par
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Coding a grid To begin, I’ll show
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Notice that you can make the value
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float steps = totalPts+1; int total
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Creating space through fades Your l
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for (int j=0; j
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Figure 6-19. Yin Yang Fade sketch,
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coordinates of the line. For exampl
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Figure 6-24. End cap variation exam
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Figure 6-25. Auto Layout sketch Thi
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int xPadding = 150; int yPadding =
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Figure 6-27. Table Layout II sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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This is the same drawTable() functi
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easy. The benefit of internally rec
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I call my custom function makeRect(
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As you might suspect, anti-aliasing
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call scribble function strokeWeight
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else { } // extra line needed to at
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smooth(); float x = random(width);
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Figure 6-36. Concentric Maze sketch
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void setup(){ //these values can be
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Create a Triangle size(400, 400); b
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Figure 6-39. Create 3 Triangles ske
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Poly Pattern I (table structure) /*
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Poly Pattern II (spiral) /* Poly Pa
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Poly Pattern III (polystar) /* Poly
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Figure 6-46. Poly Pattern III (poly
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7 CURVES
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size(200, 200); background(255); in
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You should notice some familiar str
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int margin = height/15; strokeWeigh
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Figure 7-8. Revealing the points ma
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* Curves II Ira Greenberg, December
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lower particle speed ySpeed[i]*=gra
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Figure 7-11. Curves simulating a fo
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Figure 7-13. Damping effect on curv
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particle style strokeWeight(strokeS
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By using functions to organize a pr
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 7-18. Generating a curve wit
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float x = 0, y = 0; int loopLimit =
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concentric circles size(200, 200);
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Pie charts, although valuable as vi
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curve() and bezier() The next two P
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Next is an interactive example that
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Figure 7-27. Interpolating a Bézie
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ezier(350, 100, 400, 150, 350, 250,
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Figure 7-30. Spline curve using Pro
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curve segments noFill(); // comment
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control handles fill(255); ellipse(
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Figure 7-32. bezier() vs. bezierVer
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curveVertex(92+x, 15); curveVertex(
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strokeWeight(.75); stroke(0); rectM
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Figure 7-35. Bézier Ellipse sketch
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I included one last example (shown
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curveTightness(tightness); beginSha
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Summary Curves, and the math behind
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10 COLOR AND IMAGING
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left squares fill(255, 120, 0); rec
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the color. Up to this point in the
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} radius*=ratio; ratio-=.1; } } els
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Figure 10-4. Alpha sketch In this e
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A quick review of creating transfor
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* Nematode - stage 1 Ira Greenberg,
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Figure 10-8. Nematode sketch (stage
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Figure 10-9. Finished Nematode sket
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the decreasing wavelengths of the i
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values, just to illustrate the poss
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lerpColor() uses the same approach
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I want to mention two final points
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column for (int i=x; i
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needs to be increased, as radius in
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Figure 10-19. Wave Gradient sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 10-23. Load an Image sketch
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The image() function has an extra f
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In the last example, I created an a
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Figure 10-27. Simple Image Encrypti
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Figure 10-28. Pixilate sketch The n
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Figure 10-30. Tint sketch Speeding
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* Tint (using bitwise operations) C
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the book that a primitive type is d
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The mask works like an alpha channe
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ect(random(width), random(height),
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This last sketch couldn’t be simp
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separate out and invert component c
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Figure 10-39. GRAY Filter sketch Th
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adius is set high, the blurring can
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lend() PImage Method sketch // both
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Figure 10-45. blend() Function with
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The next sketch utilizes some for l
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In the last example, I used Process
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Inheritance In OOP, inheritance des
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AXIS_VERTICAL from outside the Grad
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y axis if(axis == AXIS_VERTICAL){ f
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calculate differences between color
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c7 = color(0); c8 = color(255); r1
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In the “Imaging” section, you d
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12 INTERACTIVITY
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} public void mouseClicked(MouseEve
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void setup(){ size(400, 400); // in
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initialize x, y x = width/2.0; y =
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float friction = .85; float[]jitter
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nodeYPos = append(nodeYPos, mouseY)
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As usual, I declare global variable
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are filled with black. Using the in
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} } } } } // bottom display window
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color btnUpState = color(200, 200,
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float xSpeed = 0; color movingSquar
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xSpeed-=.2; btn1Background = btnDow
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mouse trails if (isTrailable){ fill
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isTrailsSelected, which changes the
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shapes. The following example, in s
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set initial button background color
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also makes the code a little harder
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stroke(200); rect(eraserBtn[0], era
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} sliderValue = (sliderHandle[0]-sl
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if (!isBrushSelected){ if (mouseX>b
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selection can be active at a time.
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ectBackground = color(255, 0, 0); }
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is smaller (vertically) than the en
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keys 2-8 control number of edges fo
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strokeWeight(strokeWt); float angle
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Summary We began this chapter compa
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A PROCESSING LANGUAGE API
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http://processing.org/. My main obj
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its binary equivalent. I used some
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part of the article as well. My sug
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Example 1: A Java approach void set
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The combination of these two struct
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Example 3: Creating a honeycomb gra
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Conditionals Conditionals and the r
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Shape // top and bottom boundaries
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You’ll notice that by default, th
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start dragging if flag true for (in
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pushMatrix(); rotateY(-frameCount*P
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egular polygon size(400, 400); smoo
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texture(images[3]); vertex(w, -h/2,
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lots of arrays float[]x = new float
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Keyboard Figure A-9. Box Springs sk
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entering CMD). When using a command
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hour hand strokeWeight(2); stroke(5
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In the next example, I use beginRec
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Transformations include moving, sca
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float ang; int rows = 20; int cols
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vertex(-w/2 + shiftX, -h/2 + shiftY
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Lights The Lights section includes
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system, you can try lowering the re
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ankAngle+=bankSpeed; vert = -600 +z
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Setting The Setting section include
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ellipseMode(CORNER); fill(200, 200,
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of this part of the API. These myst
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Image The Image section relates ver
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Loading & Displaying The Loading &
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these elements is the creation of a
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Typography Processing utilizes mult
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This will output a list of all the
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“Operators” will hopefully soun
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The noise() function is an advanced
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B MATH REFERENCE
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After multiplying, you can reduce t
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Here’s an example: When dividing,
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Figure B-1. Using a right triangle
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Here’s how the process works: pic
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In Figure B-5, the point p is at 45
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ect (px, py, 5, 5); stroke(100); li
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manipulation is one area in which b
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the number, as shown in the followi
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Here’s the output: c1 in binary =
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This sketch outputs the following:
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I’m not going to provide examples
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simple-looking paint bucket tool in
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Figure B-7. Color variations filter
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INDEX 776 SYMBOLS AND NUMERICS /* a
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INDEX 778 beginShape function, 209
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INDEX 780 clipping planes, frustum,
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INDEX 782 naming conventions/rules,
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INDEX 784 functions, 440 loadPixels
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INDEX 786 filter function, 452-459
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INDEX 788 minute, 708 modelX/modelY
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INDEX 790 H haptics, 108 has-a rela
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INDEX 792 MouseListener interface,
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INDEX 794 M Mac keyboard shortcuts,
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INDEX 796 classes, 304, 321 constan
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INDEX 798 coding in 3D, 616 mapping
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INDEX 800 procedures see functions
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INDEX 802 Hybrid Shape, 366, 368 Hy
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INDEX 804 radians, converting betwe
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INDEX 806 Nematode sketch, 411, 413
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INDEX 808 text Orbiting Text sketch
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INDEX 810 VERY_HIGH option, encrypt
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