Processing: Creative Coding and Computational Art

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The toolbar conveniently contains Processing’s six main control buttons. These buttons also have equivalent commands in the menu bar, which I’ll cover a bit later. These are not the only commands in the Processing application, but they are probably the most often used ones. From left to right, these buttons are Run, Stop, New, Open, Save, and Export. The following list describes the functions of each (when applicable, I’ve included the Mac and Windows keyboard shortcuts for each in parentheses after the button name): Run (Cmd+R on OS X; Ctrl+R on Windows): Compiles your code, launches a display window, and executes your sketch within this window. Stop: Terminates your running program, but leaves the display window open. THE PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT New (Cmd+N on OS X; Ctrl+N on Windows): Creates a new sketch within a new project directory. Both the directory and the PDE file (Processing’s own file format) will share this name. By default, new sketches are saved with the root sketch_, the date (in the form yy/mm/dd), and a secondary character beginning with the next alphabetically available character. For example, my current sketch is named sketch_051024a. If I save this sketch using this name, and then create a new sketch, that sketch will be named sketch_051024b; the next one will be sketch_051024c. Be aware that the default preference state in Processing is to delete empty sketches upon quit. Therefore, if you do not enter any code into the text editor window, you will not be able to actually save the project to disk—which I guess makes sense since there’s nothing to save in the file. If you want to change this setting, you can do so in the preferences, found under the Processing menu in OS X and the File menu in Windows. Open (Cmd+O on OS X; Ctrl+O on Windows): Displays a menu that lets you choose between opening a sketch residing on your local hard drive or across a network, through a standard file navigator; selecting from a list of available sketches, residing within your sketchbook location directory; or loading an example sketch that came bundled with the Processing software, from the examples directory residing within the main Processing directory. You can set the location of your sketchbook, where the sketches you create will reside, through the preferences—again found under the Processing menu in OS X and the File menu in Windows. Save (Cmd+S on OS X; Ctrl+S on Windows): Writes the current sketch to disk. You will not be prompted to confirm that you are writing over the previous state. If you want to keep your original sketch and also save the current one, you should use Save As, found under File menu. Again, please note that Processing requires sketch names to begin with a letter or underscore and contain no spaces. You may use numbers in the sketch name after the initial character, and sketch names should be no more than 64 characters in length. If you try to name a Processing sketch using an illegal character, Processing will bark at you and rename your file, converting the illegal character to an underscore. 149 5
PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COMPUTATIONAL ART 150 Export (Cmd+E on OS X; Ctrl+E on Windows): Creates a Java applet of your sketch and places it within an “applet” subdirectory, inside your current sketch directory. Once this subdirectory is created, Processing opens it up for you, displaying five files, which I’ll discuss in a moment. Applets are Java programs that can be viewed in any Java-enabled browser, which includes most modern browsers. These browsers have a built-in Java interpreter, more commonly known as the JVM. Java programs can run as applets or as stand-alone applications on the desktop. However, the source code is not identical for applets and applications, so it does take a little work to convert an applet to an application and visa versa—that is, if you’re not using Processing. Processing includes the ability to export both Java applets and stand-alone Java applications. The applet subdirectory contains these five files: index.html: The HTML page you load into the browser, with the embedded applet. yourfilename.pde: Your original processing file. yourfilename.jar: A JAR (Java Archive) file, which is downloaded and run by the browser’s virtual machine. It contains the Processing core classes, other custom classes, and any media files (images, fonts, etc.) residing within the “data” subdirectory of your sketch directory. Since everything within the subdirectory is packed into the JAR file when you export, you should remove unneeded data from the subdirectory before exporting. If your sketch doesn’t use any external media, you don’t need a data subdirectory. yourfilename.java: A Java file created by Processing from the main sketch (PDE) file. Java files are compiled by the JVM into bytecode (class files). These class files get packed into the JAR file. loading.gif: The artwork initially shown as your page loads; it’s replaced by the applet when it’s loaded. Finally, if you’re running Processing in OS X, there are three places in which you can alter the Processing window structure (as shown in Figure 5-2). Some of these adjustments can be made in Windows as well. You can drag the bar between the text editor and message area up and down to resize the window panes. You can resize the entire Processing application window by dragging the lower-right corner of the window. The “collapse panes” buttons (OS X) work as follows: if the window is in its default state, showing both the text editor and the message area, clicking the up arrow expands the message area while collapsing the text editor, and the down arrow does the opposite. File menu This menu is pretty straightforward, and most of it should be self-explanatory. In Figure 5-4, the Sketchbook submenus are exploded. Please note that in Windows, the Processing menu is contained within the Processing application window, while in OS X, the menu system is separate from the Processing application. Aside from appearances, the two menus on the different platforms have identical functionality and command sets.
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IrA GreenberG CreATe CoDe ArT, vIsu
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Processing: Creative Coding and Com
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Foreword . . .
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CONTENTS Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS viii The joy of math . . .
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CONTENTS x Applying OOP to shape cr
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CONTENTS xii Environment . . . . .
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FOREWORD If you are like me (and th
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR With an eclectic b
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very fortunate
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INTRODUCTION Welcome to Processing:
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INTRODUCTION xxii Intended audience
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INTRODUCTION xxiv Setting up Proces
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INTRODUCTION xxvi Hopefully by now
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INTRODUCTION xxviii Figure 3. Scree
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INTRODUCTION xxx New or changed cod
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1 CODE ART
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The problem with a Photoshop filter
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Figure 1-3. Example of ancient art
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then jump 400 years to 1614 and Joh
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fertile imagination remained intact
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As an aside, it’s worth observing
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John Whitney Sr., 1918-1995 John Wh
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algorithms. To learn more about Coh
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landfill/), and Feed (www.potatolan
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periodicals such as Art Journal, Wi
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And many more . . . While I have in
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2 CREATIVE CODING
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I think what was reinforced for me
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customized commands, and run loops.
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of code that work like processing m
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introduced to become larger, more c
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Without getting too geeky, the main
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A framework is just a concept for b
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algorithm in a math class in high s
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frame. The loop keeps running and k
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the time to play at whatever level
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} pts[counter2].y-yg); xg*=-1; coun
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The overall movement was good, but
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Obviously, there are a lot of thing
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} } // generates organic looking br
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3 CODE GRAMMAR 101
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Your first program In most programm
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message comes up on the bar in the
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Since the getBreed() method would r
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Variables Variables are essential t
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It’s because strict typing helps
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Stage 3 adds the gradient: /* title
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Next, I assign values to some primi
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In the first preceding example, add
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Assignment operators The only other
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* title: Bouncing Ball description:
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Animation is a perfect example of t
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if (hunger= starving) { eatAnything
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Ternary operator The last condition
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The items array has 50 places reser
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println(x); x += 1; } while(x
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Figure 3-4. Continuous radial gradi
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int ballCount = 500; int ballSize =
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Hopefully, you were able to success
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function call above*/ // fill(i*255
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If you run this, you should see a 1
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Page 138 and 139: 4 COMPUTER GRAPHICS, THE FUN, EASY
Page 140 and 141: Some of the reasons coding graphics
Page 142 and 143: When working in a 3D coordinate sys
Page 144 and 145: plotted, the vertices are connected
Page 146 and 147: eally shines. And remember, as you
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Page 150 and 151: Within each of these application ar
Page 152 and 153: don’t realize you’re doing it
Page 154 and 155: Geometry Like algebra, geometry dat
Page 156 and 157: (second-degree) curve has one turni
Page 158 and 159: or possibly even a complete crash o
Page 160 and 161: This linear motion would plot as a
Page 162 and 163: and began doubling. By step 80, the
Page 164 and 165: *Simple Repeating Wave Pattern Ira
Page 166 and 167: float waveGap = 10; float frequency
Page 168 and 169: a piece of paper and do a little mo
Page 170 and 171: Interactivity Figure 4-13. Puff Peo
Page 172: Events will be covered and implemen
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Page 179: PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COM
Page 204 and 205: 6 LINES
Page 206 and 207: Figure 6-2. Two-point sketch Adding
Page 208 and 209: Streamlining the sketch with a whil
Page 210 and 211: type into the sketch. Although the
Page 212 and 213: Figure 6-7. Randomized particle spr
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6-9. Multiple randomized par
Page 216 and 217: Coding a grid To begin, I’ll show
Page 218 and 219: Notice that you can make the value
Page 220 and 221: float steps = totalPts+1; int total
Page 222 and 223: Creating space through fades Your l
Page 224 and 225: for (int j=0; j
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Figure 6-24. End cap variation exam
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Figure 6-25. Auto Layout sketch Thi
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int xPadding = 150; int yPadding =
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Figure 6-27. Table Layout II sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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This is the same drawTable() functi
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easy. The benefit of internally rec
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I call my custom function makeRect(
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As you might suspect, anti-aliasing
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call scribble function strokeWeight
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else { } // extra line needed to at
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smooth(); float x = random(width);
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Figure 6-36. Concentric Maze sketch
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void setup(){ //these values can be
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Create a Triangle size(400, 400); b
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Figure 6-39. Create 3 Triangles ske
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Poly Pattern I (table structure) /*
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Poly Pattern II (spiral) /* Poly Pa
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Poly Pattern III (polystar) /* Poly
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Figure 6-46. Poly Pattern III (poly
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7 CURVES
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size(200, 200); background(255); in
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You should notice some familiar str
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int margin = height/15; strokeWeigh
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Figure 7-8. Revealing the points ma
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* Curves II Ira Greenberg, December
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lower particle speed ySpeed[i]*=gra
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Figure 7-11. Curves simulating a fo
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Figure 7-13. Damping effect on curv
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particle style strokeWeight(strokeS
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By using functions to organize a pr
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 7-18. Generating a curve wit
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float x = 0, y = 0; int loopLimit =
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concentric circles size(200, 200);
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Pie charts, although valuable as vi
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curve() and bezier() The next two P
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Next is an interactive example that
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Figure 7-27. Interpolating a Bézie
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ezier(350, 100, 400, 150, 350, 250,
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Figure 7-30. Spline curve using Pro
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curve segments noFill(); // comment
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control handles fill(255); ellipse(
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Figure 7-32. bezier() vs. bezierVer
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curveVertex(92+x, 15); curveVertex(
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strokeWeight(.75); stroke(0); rectM
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Figure 7-35. Bézier Ellipse sketch
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I included one last example (shown
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curveTightness(tightness); beginSha
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Summary Curves, and the math behind
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PROCESSING: CREATIVE CODING AND COM
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10 COLOR AND IMAGING
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left squares fill(255, 120, 0); rec
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the color. Up to this point in the
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} radius*=ratio; ratio-=.1; } } els
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Figure 10-4. Alpha sketch In this e
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A quick review of creating transfor
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* Nematode - stage 1 Ira Greenberg,
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Figure 10-8. Nematode sketch (stage
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Figure 10-9. Finished Nematode sket
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the decreasing wavelengths of the i
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values, just to illustrate the poss
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lerpColor() uses the same approach
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I want to mention two final points
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column for (int i=x; i
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needs to be increased, as radius in
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Figure 10-19. Wave Gradient sketch
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for (int i=0; i
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Figure 10-23. Load an Image sketch
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The image() function has an extra f
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In the last example, I created an a
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Figure 10-27. Simple Image Encrypti
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Figure 10-28. Pixilate sketch The n
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Figure 10-30. Tint sketch Speeding
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* Tint (using bitwise operations) C
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the book that a primitive type is d
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The mask works like an alpha channe
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ect(random(width), random(height),
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This last sketch couldn’t be simp
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separate out and invert component c
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Figure 10-39. GRAY Filter sketch Th
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adius is set high, the blurring can
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lend() PImage Method sketch // both
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Figure 10-45. blend() Function with
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The next sketch utilizes some for l
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In the last example, I used Process
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Inheritance In OOP, inheritance des
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AXIS_VERTICAL from outside the Grad
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y axis if(axis == AXIS_VERTICAL){ f
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calculate differences between color
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c7 = color(0); c8 = color(255); r1
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In the “Imaging” section, you d
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12 INTERACTIVITY
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} public void mouseClicked(MouseEve
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void setup(){ size(400, 400); // in
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initialize x, y x = width/2.0; y =
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float friction = .85; float[]jitter
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nodeYPos = append(nodeYPos, mouseY)
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As usual, I declare global variable
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are filled with black. Using the in
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} } } } } // bottom display window
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color btnUpState = color(200, 200,
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float xSpeed = 0; color movingSquar
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xSpeed-=.2; btn1Background = btnDow
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mouse trails if (isTrailable){ fill
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isTrailsSelected, which changes the
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shapes. The following example, in s
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set initial button background color
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also makes the code a little harder
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stroke(200); rect(eraserBtn[0], era
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} sliderValue = (sliderHandle[0]-sl
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if (!isBrushSelected){ if (mouseX>b
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selection can be active at a time.
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ectBackground = color(255, 0, 0); }
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is smaller (vertically) than the en
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keys 2-8 control number of edges fo
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strokeWeight(strokeWt); float angle
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Summary We began this chapter compa
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A PROCESSING LANGUAGE API
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http://processing.org/. My main obj
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its binary equivalent. I used some
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part of the article as well. My sug
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Example 1: A Java approach void set
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The combination of these two struct
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Example 3: Creating a honeycomb gra
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Conditionals Conditionals and the r
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Shape // top and bottom boundaries
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You’ll notice that by default, th
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start dragging if flag true for (in
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pushMatrix(); rotateY(-frameCount*P
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egular polygon size(400, 400); smoo
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texture(images[3]); vertex(w, -h/2,
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lots of arrays float[]x = new float
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Keyboard Figure A-9. Box Springs sk
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entering CMD). When using a command
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hour hand strokeWeight(2); stroke(5
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In the next example, I use beginRec
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Transformations include moving, sca
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float ang; int rows = 20; int cols
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vertex(-w/2 + shiftX, -h/2 + shiftY
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Lights The Lights section includes
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system, you can try lowering the re
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ankAngle+=bankSpeed; vert = -600 +z
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Setting The Setting section include
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ellipseMode(CORNER); fill(200, 200,
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of this part of the API. These myst
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Image The Image section relates ver
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Loading & Displaying The Loading &
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these elements is the creation of a
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Typography Processing utilizes mult
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This will output a list of all the
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“Operators” will hopefully soun
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The noise() function is an advanced
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B MATH REFERENCE
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After multiplying, you can reduce t
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Here’s an example: When dividing,
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Figure B-1. Using a right triangle
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Here’s how the process works: pic
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In Figure B-5, the point p is at 45
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ect (px, py, 5, 5); stroke(100); li
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manipulation is one area in which b
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the number, as shown in the followi
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Here’s the output: c1 in binary =
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This sketch outputs the following:
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I’m not going to provide examples
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simple-looking paint bucket tool in
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Figure B-7. Color variations filter
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INDEX 776 SYMBOLS AND NUMERICS /* a
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INDEX 778 beginShape function, 209
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INDEX 780 clipping planes, frustum,
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INDEX 782 naming conventions/rules,
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INDEX 784 functions, 440 loadPixels
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INDEX 786 filter function, 452-459
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INDEX 788 minute, 708 modelX/modelY
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INDEX 790 H haptics, 108 has-a rela
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INDEX 792 MouseListener interface,
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INDEX 794 M Mac keyboard shortcuts,
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INDEX 796 classes, 304, 321 constan
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INDEX 798 coding in 3D, 616 mapping
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INDEX 800 procedures see functions
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INDEX 802 Hybrid Shape, 366, 368 Hy
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INDEX 804 radians, converting betwe
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INDEX 806 Nematode sketch, 411, 413
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INDEX 808 text Orbiting Text sketch
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INDEX 810 VERY_HIGH option, encrypt
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