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CHAP, xvii.j MAMMALIA. 219
regions or the Tropics. They range in fact over the whole of the
great continents of the globe, with the one striking exception of
Africa, where they are only found on the shores of the Mediterra-
nean which form part of the Pala3arctic region. The following
is the distribution of the genera.
Alces (1 species), the elk or moose, ranges all over Northern
Europe and Asia, as far south as East Prussia, the Caucasus, and
North China ; and over Arctic America to Maine on the East, and
British Columbia on the west. The American species may
however be distinct, although very closely allied to that of
Europe. Tarandus (1 species), the reindeer, has a similar range
to the last, but keeps farther north in Europe, inhabiting Green-
land and Spitzbergen ; and in America extends farther south, to
New Brunswick and the north shore of Lake Superior. There
are several varieties or species of this animal confined to special
districts, but they are not yet well determined. Oervus (40
species), the true deer, have been sub-divided into numerous sub-
genera characteristic of separate districts. They range over the
whole area of the family, except that they do not go beyond
57° N. in America and a little fdrther in Europe and Asia. In
South America they extend over Patagonia and even to Tierra
del Fuego. They are found in the north of Africa, and over the
whole of the Oriental region, and beyond it as far as the Mo-
luccas and Timor, where however they have probably been intro-
duced by man at an early period. Dama (1 species), the fallow
deer, is a native of the shores of the Mediterranean, from Spain
and Barbary to Syria. Ca])reolus (2 species), the roe-deer, inhabits
all Temperate and South Europe to Syria, with a distinct species
in N. China. Gervulus (4 species), the muntjacs, are found in
all the forest districts of the Oriental region, from India and
Ceylon to China as far north as Ningpo and Formosa, also southward
to the Philippines, Borneo, and Java. Moschus (1 species)
the musk-deer, inhabits Central Asia from the Amoor and
Pekin, to the Himalayas and the Siamese mountains above
8000 ft. elevation. This is usually classed as a distinct family,
but M. Milne-Edwards remarks, that it differs in no important
points of organisation from the rest of the Cexvidae. Eydropotes