the-bible-and-the-dead-sea-scrolls

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
THE APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA AT QUMRAN
James C. VanderKam
The subject of this paper is the books from the traditional categories of
the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha that have been found in some form
at Qumran. The purpose is not to deal with the adequacy or usefulness
of the standard categories but simply to adduce the data from the scrolls
and assess what the Qumran copies have contributed in this sense to
scholarship on each of the works involved.
The subject of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in the scrolls has
been treated several times in recent years. I surveyed the information in an
article published in 1993, 1 and Michael Stone later wrote a much more comprehensive
study in an essay published in 1996. 2 Stone says little about the
works that will be surveyed below and spends most of his time discussing
the contributions of the scroll finds to study of other pseudepigraphic
works. Peter Flint has also written an essay on the subject; in it he deals
extensively with the terminology normally used and surveys the texts. 3
A. BOOKS OR SECTIONSOFTHETRADITIONAL
APOCRYPHA FOUND AT QUMRAN
1. Tobit
The fragments of manuscript copies of the book of Tobit that were
unearthed in Qumran Cave 4 were originally assigned to J. T. Milik for
1. James C. VanderKam, “The Scrolls, the Apocrypha, and the Pseudepigrapha,”
HS 34 (1993): 35–47.
2. Michael E. Stone, “The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Pseudepigrapha,” DSD 3
(1996): 270–95. Stone uses the word pseudepigrapha in the sense of Apocrypha and
Pseudepigrapha (see 270–71).
3. “‘Apocrypha,’ Other Previously-Known Writings, and ‘Pseudepigrapha’ in the
Dead Sea Scrolls,” in The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment (ed.
P. W. Flint, J. C. VanderKam, and A. E. Alvarez; 2 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1998–1999),
2:24–66. Because of the way in which he defines terms, he includes additional texts
in his survey (e.g., ones related to Daniel).
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