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effects of additional heavy oiling. This may be a result of an adaptation of microorganisms to the presence of oil, or to a selection of oil resistant populations. It is not surprising that hydrocarbons did not directly inhibit sulfate reduction since this process appears to be active in oil formation waters (Bailey, et al., 1973; ZoBell, 1958). However, it was surprising that compounds which inhibited acetate oxidation did not directly inhibit sulfate reduction, as other investigations have pointed to the importance of acetate as a substrate for sulfate reduction (Winfrey and Ward, submitted; Srensen et al, 1981; Banat and Nedwell, personal communication). The chemistry of hydrocarbons present in the various sediments one year after the spill indicated the presence of oil highly altered by evaporation and biodegradation. The levels observed in the environment were also lower (0.1-1 mg/g) than the levels added in our experiments to simulate heavy oiling (50-250 mg/g). It is possible that a temporary inhibition of acetate oxidation could have resulted from very heavy oiling of relatively fresh oil. Such conditions could have existed at all polluted sites immediately following the AMOCO CADIZ spill, although rapid loss of volatile compounds probably occurred between spillage and beaching of oil (Dowty, et al, 1981; Ward, et al, 1980). Any inhibitory effect would then have been reduced as cleanup or transport of hydrocarbons out of the sediments decreased hydrocarbon amount, and as evaporation, dissolution and biodegradation altered the remaining sediment hydrocarbons. By the time site comparison experiments could be performed, recovery from any negative effects which might have occurred had apparently taken place. The inhibitory effects on acetate oxidation we observed may be significant in extremely cold regions where slow rates of evaporation would occur. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to the Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne at Brest and the Station Biologique at Roscoff for providing laboratory space and assistance. We also thank Bob Clark of the NOAA National Analytical Facility for supplying AMOCO CADIZ mousse, George Ward of Exxon Corp. for supplying the light Arabian crude oil, and Dale Meland and Melinda Tussler for technical assistance. This study was part of a joint effort undertaken by the Centre National pour 1' Exploitation des Oceans (CNEXO) of the French Ministry of Industry and the NOAA of the U.S. Department of Commerce to study the ecological consequences of the AMOCO CADIZ oil spill. It was financed by funds given to NOAA (contract NA 79RAC00013) by the Amoco Transport Company and by the NOAA Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, through an interagency agreement with the Bureau of Land Management. 186
REFERENCES American Public Health Association. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Association, Inc. New York. Atlas, R. M. 1981. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective. Microbiological Rev. 45: 180-209 . Atlas, R.M. and A. Bronner. 1981. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation within intertidal zones impacted by the AMOCO CADIZ oil spillage, pp. 251-256 in AMOCO CADIZ: Fates and Effects of the Oil Spill. Proc. of the Int. Symp . Centre Nationale pour L'Exploitation des Oceans, Paris. Atlas, R. M., P. D. Boehm and J. A. Calder. 1981. Chemical and biological weathering of oil, from the AMOCO CADIZ spillage, within the littoral zone. Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 12:589-608. Bailey, N. J. L., H. H. Krouse, C. R. Evans, and M. A. Rodgers. 1973. Alteration of crude oil by waters and bacteria - evidence from geochemical and isotope studies. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 57:1276-1290. Boehm, P. D. , D. L. Fiest, and A. Elskus. 1981. Comparative weathering patterns of hydrocarbons from the AMOCO CADIZ oil spill observed at a variety of coastal environments. pp. 159-173 In AMOCO CADIZ: Fates and Effects of the Oil Spill, Proc. of the Int. Symp. Centre National pour L'Exploitation des Oceans, Paris. Brown, D. W. , L. S. Ramos, M. Y. Vyeda , A. J. Friedman and W. D. Macloed. 1980. Ambient temperature extraction of hydrocarbons from marine sediments: comparison with boiling-solvent extractions. In L. Petrakis and F. Weiss (eds), Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Advances in Chemistry series no. 185, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Bryant, M. P. 1976. The microbiology of anaerobic degradation and methanogenesis with special reference to sewage, pp. 107-118 In Microbial energy conversion, H. G. Schlegel, G. Gottschalk, and N. Pfennig (eds.) E. Goltze, K. G. Gottingen. Burkholder, D. 1963. Some nutritional relationships among microbes of the sea sediments and waters, pp. 1133-1150 in Symposium on marine microbiology, C. H. Oppenheimer (ed.). Thomas Springfield, 111. Calder, J. A., J. Lake, and J. Laseter. 1978. Chemical composition of selected environmental and petroleum samples from the AMOCO CADIZ oil spill, pp. 21-84 in The AMOCO CADIZ Oil Spill, a preliminary scientific report. W. N. Hess (ed.). NOAA/EPA Special Report, U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 187
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
Page 150 and 151: etween the end of March and early A
Page 152 and 153: certain chemical species which are
Page 154 and 155: It should be noted that a sample ta
Page 156 and 157: REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
Page 158 and 159: affected a very large section of th
Page 160 and 161: OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
Page 163 and 164: atio of more than 100 is an index o
Page 165 and 166: TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
Page 169 and 170: IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
Page 171: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
Page 174 and 175: METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
Page 176 and 177: AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
Page 178 and 179: and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
Page 180 and 181: 14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
Page 182 and 183: concentrations were extremely low (
Page 184 and 185: (A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
Page 186 and 187: TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
Page 188 and 189: TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
Page 190 and 191: IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
Page 192 and 193: FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
Page 194 and 195: TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
Page 196 and 197: 14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
Page 198 and 199: pounds were, however, noted at dept
Page 202 and 203: Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
Page 204 and 205: S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
Page 207 and 208: REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
Page 209 and 210: Les nouvelles populations caracteri
Page 211 and 212: TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
Page 213 and 214: B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
Page 215 and 216: populations initiales durant la pre
Page 217 and 218: vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
Page 219: Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
Page 222 and 223: Les unites cenotigues correspondant
Page 224 and 225: les peuplements de la baie de Morla
Page 226 and 227: R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
Page 229 and 230: -
Page 231 and 232: leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
Page 233 and 234: N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
Page 235 and 236: 3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
Page 237 and 238: Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
Page 239 and 240: N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
Page 241 and 242: propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
Page 243 and 244: Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
Page 245 and 246: ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
Page 247 and 248: I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
Page 249 and 250: 3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
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L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
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La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
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Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
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Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
Page 272 and 273:
TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
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On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
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A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
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un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
Page 285 and 286:
LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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The first type is due to the direct
Page 289 and 290:
RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
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antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
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epresented an inflammatory response
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lateral nuclei were present. The ci
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There was also some indication, bas
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This method, based on the glucose o
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Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
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Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
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laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
Page 342 and 343:
McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
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Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
Page 377 and 378:
- les plantes survivantes -initiale
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General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
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FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
Page 383 and 384:
1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
Page 385 and 386:
FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
Page 387 and 388:
FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390:
In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392:
FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394:
FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396:
'^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
Page 397 and 398:
FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
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Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401:
FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
Page 404 and 405:
Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
Page 406 and 407:
^~~ -
Page 408 and 409:
TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
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area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
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TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
Page 414 and 415:
,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
Page 416 and 417:
FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
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fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
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Puccinellia were planted at one of
Page 422 and 423:
FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
Page 424 and 425:
Transplant Time Requirement It is d
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is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
Page 428 and 429:
FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
Page 430 and 431:
FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
Page 432 and 433:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
Page 434 and 435:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
Page 437 and 438:
ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
Page 439 and 440:
HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
Page 441 and 442:
dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
Page 443 and 444:
degres d'une part, et entre les sta
Page 445 and 446:
Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
Page 447 and 448:
L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
Page 449 and 450:
chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
Page 451 and 452:
Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
Page 453 and 454:
stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
Page 455 and 456:
Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
Page 457:
E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
Page 460 and 461:
FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
Page 462 and 463:
150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
Page 464 and 465:
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
Page 467 and 468:
1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
Page 469 and 470:
453
Page 471 and 472:
EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
Page 473 and 474:
ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
Page 475 and 476:
3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
Page 478 and 479:
COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
Page 480 and 481:
464
Page 482 and 483:
CO 00 466
Page 484 and 485:
468
Page 486 and 487:
470
Page 488 and 489:
472
Page 490 and 491:
I s
Page 492 and 493:
476
Page 495:
Q) 1
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