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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuous culture, since this technique serves to check the concentrations of all the nutritive elements at all times, and to adjust these concentrations to limit thresholds, thus closely approaching conditions encountered at sea, we attempted to quantify the nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen requirements for the biodegradation of given quantities of hydrocarbons present in ALC 240+ . The following operating conditions were used: • Dilution rate D = 0.04 h~ • Temperature 20°C • Reactor volume 2 liters • Agitation 520 rpm • Ph of culture 8.1 • GHSV 1 (except for quantification of the oxygen requirements, where the GHSV was varied from 1 to 0.25). • ALC 240 concentration entering reactor always about 2.5 g.l - For a given concentration of an element (nitrogen, phosphorus or oxygen) entering the reactor, the experimental time was about one week. Upon each alteration in operating conditions, it was necessary to wait another week for equilibrium to be re-established. When the residual concentration of nitrogen was in excess, the bacterial consumption of this element per mg of hydrocarbons degraded ranged from 0.1 to 0.11 mg. However, when the nitrogen reached a limit with residual contents around 1 mg/liter, the nitrogen requirements dropped to 0.07 mg. The same occurence was observed with phosphorus. In conditions of nonlimitation, the biochemical consumption of phosphorus, around 0.012 to 0.013 mg/mg of hydrocarbons consumed, declined to only 0.005 mg/mg of hydrocarbons consumed when the residual concentration of elemental P reached a limit ( C 1 mg.l - -'-). With respect to oxygen, microorganism requirements fluctuated between 1.4 and 1.9 mg oxygen per mg of biodegraded hydrocarbons, for residual dissolved oxygen concentrations between 50 and 7 % of the saturation value. 34
THE AMOCO CADIZ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PROGRAM by Paul D. Boehm, Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Divisions, ERCO (Energy Resources Company, Inc.), 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 1 . INTRODUCTION 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (Extraction and Processing) 2.2 Plant and Animal Tissue 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Overall Findings 3.1.1 Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ <strong>Oil</strong> 3.1.2 Persistence of Marker Compounds 3.1.3 Residues in Tissues 3.1.4 Environmental Variability 3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, University of Louisville) 3.3 Offshore Sediments (Marchand, CNEXO) L'Aber Benoit Sediments (Courtot , U. West Brittany) 3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana State University) 3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Battelle) 3.6 Oysters and Fish (Michel, ISTPM) 3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences) 4. Conclusions 5. REFERENCES 35
Page 1 and 2: Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
Page 3 and 4: ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
Page 5 and 6: Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
Page 9 and 10: In November 1979, an international
Page 11: CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
Page 15: MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
Page 18 and 19: Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
Page 20 and 21: 147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
Page 22 and 23: The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
Page 24 and 25: TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
Page 26 and 27: The detailed gas-chromatographic an
Page 28 and 29: TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
Page 30: TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
Page 33 and 34: TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
Page 35 and 36: o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
Page 37 and 38: z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
Page 39: CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
Page 42 and 43: LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
Page 44 and 45: The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
Page 46 and 47: acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
Page 54 and 55: TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
Page 56 and 57: T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
Page 58 and 59: ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
Page 60 and 61: TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
Page 62 and 63: fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
Page 64 and 65: 3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
Page 66 and 67: _l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
Page 68 and 69: TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
Page 70 and 71: -I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
Page 72 and 73: t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
Page 74 and 75: C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
Page 76 and 77: marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
Page 78 and 79: TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
Page 80 and 81: TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
Page 82 and 83: TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
Page 84 and 85: 3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
Page 86 and 87: ' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
Page 88 and 89: !•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
Page 90 and 91: 10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
Page 92 and 93: The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
Page 94 and 95: 3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
Page 96 and 97: The GC traces for the impacted oyst
Page 98 and 99:
m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
Page 100 and 101:
-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
Page 102 and 103:
AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
Page 104 and 105:
TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
Page 106 and 107:
TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
Page 108 and 109:
3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
Page 110 and 111:
ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
Page 115 and 116:
STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
Page 117 and 118:
sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
Page 119 and 120:
TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
Page 121 and 122:
TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
Page 123:
1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
Page 126 and 127:
CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
Page 128 and 129:
A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
Page 130 and 131:
The relative contents of saturated
Page 133:
31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
Page 138 and 139:
31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
Page 140 and 141:
STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
Page 142 and 143:
PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
Page 144 and 145:
Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
Page 146 and 147:
1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
Page 148 and 149:
The chromatogram of the saturated h
Page 150 and 151:
etween the end of March and early A
Page 152 and 153:
certain chemical species which are
Page 154 and 155:
It should be noted that a sample ta
Page 156 and 157:
REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
Page 158 and 159:
affected a very large section of th
Page 160 and 161:
OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
Page 163 and 164:
atio of more than 100 is an index o
Page 165 and 166:
TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
Page 167 and 168:
FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
Page 169 and 170:
IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
Page 171:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
Page 174 and 175:
METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
Page 178 and 179:
and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
Page 180 and 181:
14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
Page 184 and 185:
(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
Page 186 and 187:
TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
Page 192 and 193:
FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
Page 194 and 195:
TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
Page 196 and 197:
14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
Page 198 and 199:
pounds were, however, noted at dept
Page 200 and 201:
effects of additional heavy oiling.
Page 202 and 203:
Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
Page 204 and 205:
S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
Page 207 and 208:
REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
Page 209 and 210:
Les nouvelles populations caracteri
Page 211 and 212:
TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
Page 215 and 216:
populations initiales durant la pre
Page 217 and 218:
vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
Page 219:
Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
Page 222 and 223:
Les unites cenotigues correspondant
Page 224 and 225:
les peuplements de la baie de Morla
Page 226 and 227:
R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
Page 229 and 230:
-
Page 231 and 232:
leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
Page 233 and 234:
N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
Page 235 and 236:
3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
Page 237 and 238:
Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
Page 239 and 240:
N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
Page 241 and 242:
propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
Page 243 and 244:
Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
Page 245 and 246:
ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
Page 247 and 248:
I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
Page 249 and 250:
3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
Page 251 and 252:
L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
Page 253 and 254:
La sensibilite de cet indice semble
Page 255 and 256:
La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
Page 257 and 258:
BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
Page 259:
Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
Page 262 and 263:
INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
Page 264 and 265:
Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
Page 266 and 267:
apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
Page 268 and 269:
Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
Page 270 and 271:
Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
Page 272 and 273:
TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
Page 274 and 275:
On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
Page 276 and 277:
A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
Page 278 and 279:
un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
Page 280 and 281:
schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
Page 282 and 283:
Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
Page 285 and 286:
LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
Page 287 and 288:
The first type is due to the direct
Page 289 and 290:
RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
Page 291 and 292:
Table I. Distribution of patholocie
Page 293 and 294:
a. B o r— IT) —
Page 295 and 296:
antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
Page 297 and 298:
epresented an inflammatory response
Page 299 and 300:
lateral nuclei were present. The ci
Page 301 and 302:
There was also some indication, bas
Page 303 and 304:
This method, based on the glucose o
Page 305 and 306:
Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
Page 307 and 308:
Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
Page 309 and 310:
sediments which is dominated by hig
Page 311 and 312:
Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
Page 313 and 314:
COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
Page 315 and 316:
Table 12. Concentrations of total a
Page 317 and 318:
. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
Page 319 and 320:
Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
Page 321 and 322:
Table 17 . Concentration of total l
Page 323 and 324:
laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
Page 326 and 327:
Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
Page 328 and 329:
Table 25 • Concentration of free
Page 330 and 331:
ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
Page 332 and 333:
Table 28 Concentration of free amin
Page 334 and 335:
Table 30. Concentration of free ami
Page 336 and 337:
Table 32 . Concentration of free am
Page 338 and 339:
oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
Page 340 and 341:
REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
Page 342 and 343:
McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
Page 345 and 346:
RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
Page 347 and 348:
INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
Page 349 and 350:
Nous distinguerons alors les phases
Page 351 and 352:
Situation 3) Territoires fortement
Page 353 and 354:
Plus precisiment le codage correspo
Page 356 and 357:
Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
Page 358 and 359:
Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
Page 360 and 361:
Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
Page 362 and 363:
- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
Page 366 and 367:
05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
Page 370 and 371:
Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
Page 372:
1 - appel a la notion de compositio
Page 375 and 376:
Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
Page 377 and 378:
- les plantes survivantes -initiale
Page 379 and 380:
General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
Page 381 and 382:
FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
Page 383 and 384:
1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
Page 385 and 386:
FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
Page 387 and 388:
FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390:
In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392:
FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394:
FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396:
'^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
Page 397 and 398:
FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
Page 399 and 400:
Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401:
FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
Page 404 and 405:
Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
Page 406 and 407:
^~~ -
Page 408 and 409:
TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
Page 410 and 411:
area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
Page 412 and 413:
TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
Page 414 and 415:
,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
Page 416 and 417:
FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
Page 418 and 419:
fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
Page 420 and 421:
Puccinellia were planted at one of
Page 422 and 423:
FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
Page 424 and 425:
Transplant Time Requirement It is d
Page 426 and 427:
is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
Page 428 and 429:
FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
Page 430 and 431:
FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
Page 432 and 433:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
Page 434 and 435:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
Page 437 and 438:
ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
Page 439 and 440:
HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
Page 441 and 442:
dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
Page 443 and 444:
degres d'une part, et entre les sta
Page 445 and 446:
Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
Page 447 and 448:
L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
Page 449 and 450:
chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
Page 451 and 452:
Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
Page 453 and 454:
stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
Page 455 and 456:
Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
Page 457:
E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
Page 460 and 461:
FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
Page 462 and 463:
150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
Page 467 and 468:
1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
Page 469 and 470:
453
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EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
Page 473 and 474:
ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
Page 475 and 476:
3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
Page 478 and 479:
COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
Page 480 and 481:
464
Page 482 and 483:
CO 00 466
Page 484 and 485:
468
Page 486 and 487:
470
Page 488 and 489:
472
Page 490 and 491:
I s
Page 492 and 493:
476
Page 495:
Q) 1
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