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EVOLUTION A MOYEN-TERME DU MEIOBENTHOS ET DU MICROPHYTOBENTHOS SUR QUELQUES PLAGES TOUCHEES PAR LA MAREE NOIRE DE L 'AMOCO- CADIZ Philippe par BODIN et Denise BOUCHER Universite de Bretagne Occidentale , Laboratoire d'Oceanographie biologique, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29283 Brest Cedex, France. ABSTRACT The ecological follow-up undertaken after the Amoco-Cadiz oil spill, on the beaches Brouennou and Corn ar Gazel (mouth of Aber Benoit) and Kersaint (near Portsall), was continued untill november 1980. Chlorophyll pigments have suffered little quantitatively from the direct effect of pollution, but the study of temporal variations in the meiofaunal densities revealed disturbances in seasonal cycles. Other factors, e.g. hydrodynamic fluctuations and macrofaunal predators, could act as regulating mechanisms on the evolution of the populations . The effects of pollution are particularly obvious in some faunistic imbalances, as the study of harpacticoid copepods showed. However, particular evolutionary trends between and within ecological groups of species implied that recovery was nearly <strong>com</strong>plete, at least on exposed beaches . The conclusions drawn to date are tentative because of the lack of reference data, and it is intended to continue the survey annual- ly in spring. Key words : Pollution , Amoco-Cadiz, Chlorophyll pigments, Meiofauna, harpacticoids , Beaches. RESUME Le suivi ecologique mensuel entrepris , a la suite trophe de la catas- de 1 'Amoco-Cadiz. sur les plages de Brouennou et Corn ar Gazel, a 1' entree de l'Aber Benoit, et de Kersaint pres de Portsall, a ete maintenu jusqu'en novembre 1980. Alors que les pigments chlorophylliens ne semblent pas avoir souffert de l'action directe de la pollution, 1' etude des variations temporelles de la densite de la meiofaune revele une perturbation des cycles saisonniers . D'autres facteurs , tels que l'hydrodynamisme et les predateurs de la macrofaune , peuvent intervenir en tant que mecanismes regulateurs . Les effets de la pollution sont surtout sensibles au niveau de certains desequilibres faunistiques , <strong>com</strong>rae le montre 1 'etude des Co- pepodes Harpacticoides . Cependant , une certaine evolution des groupes ecologiques permet de penser qu'un processus de retour a l'etat initial est en cours d 'achievement , du moins sur les plages de mode battu. En fait, 1' absence d'etats de references nous oblige encore a la prudence dans 1 'interpretation des resultats , et il est envisage une poursuite des recherches sous forme de "veille" ecologiques. Mots-cles : Pollution, Amoco-Cadiz, Pigments chlorophylliens, Meiofaune , Harpacticoides, Plages. 245
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
Page 209 and 210: Les nouvelles populations caracteri
Page 211 and 212: TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
Page 213 and 214: B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
Page 215 and 216: populations initiales durant la pre
Page 217 and 218: vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
Page 219: Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
Page 222 and 223: Les unites cenotigues correspondant
Page 224 and 225: les peuplements de la baie de Morla
Page 226 and 227: R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
Page 229 and 230: -
Page 231 and 232: leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
Page 233 and 234: N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
Page 235 and 236: 3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
Page 237 and 238: Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
Page 239 and 240: N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
Page 241 and 242: propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
Page 243 and 244: Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
Page 245 and 246: ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
Page 247 and 248: I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
Page 249 and 250: 3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
Page 251 and 252: L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
Page 253 and 254: La sensibilite de cet indice semble
Page 255 and 256: La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
Page 257 and 258: BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
Page 259: Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
Page 263 and 264: Les techniques de prelevement et de
Page 265 and 266: 20 10 _ 10 . P9'9 ¥ "CN- V —" -
Page 267 and 268: 10 _ \ 5- I i -TTI 1—I
Page 269 and 270: fine importante (signe de sediment
Page 271 and 272: Meiofaune totnli Nema; 13000- 10000
Page 273 and 274: presents de mai a octobre 1980, con
Page 275 and 276: TABLEAU 5. Liste des especes recolt
Page 277 and 278: 950 900 800 700 , 600 500 400 300 2
Page 279 and 280: Doit-on considerer ces especes (A.
Page 281 and 282: Bellan, G., 1967, Pollution et peup
Page 283: Renaud-Mornant , J. et N. Gourbault
Page 286 and 287: conspired to create a "worst case"
Page 288 and 289: MATERIALS AND METHODS Oysters Crass
Page 290 and 291: Table 1. Types of pathologies, tota
Page 292 and 293: Abnormally high numbers of eosinoph
Page 294 and 295: Aggregates of eosinophilic leucocyt
Page 296 and 297: Focal aggregates of leucocytes were
Page 298 and 299: clumps in the ovary to foci in the
Page 300 and 301: Benoit (average of 20 to 32) and Ra
Page 302 and 303: When exposed to petroleum, marine m
Page 304 and 305: Petroleum Hydrocarbons RESULTS AND
Page 306 and 307: Concentration of aliphatic hydrocar
Page 308 and 309: Table 7 . Concentration of aliphati
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Date/Sample December 1980 (9) Table
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Table 10. Concentration of aromatic
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Higher molecular weight aromatics,
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Table 13. Concentration of aliphati
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Table 15 . Concentration of aliphat
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The hydrocarbon data demonstrate co
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Table 19. Hemolymph glucose concent
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Table 21. Concentrations of glycoge
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Table 24. Concentrations of free am
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Table 26. Concentration of free ami
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Table 27 Mean free taurine:glycine
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Table 29 • Concentration of free
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Table 31. Concentration of free ami
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Table 33. Mean free taurine: glycin
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A most interesting observation from
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Gardner, G.R. , 1975, Chemically- i
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Sinderman, C. J. , 1979, Pollution-
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In an other hand, some species, ini
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- le degre de destructuration et/ou
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INVENTAIRE SOMMAIRE DES SITUATIONS
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Situation 5) Territoires etrepes. S
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Code de la figure 6 Pas de changeme
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Figure 4. Marais 6-Etat en 1930 (le
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Figure 6. Marais 6- Distribution sp
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e. II n'en est pour preuve que 1' i
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V a. I i 1 1 Q- >
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a in 2 H U U C/l z as i r— —
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LTl to H U W to FTF t IV III I I I
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I r" I , l I CO U W CT 2 1 L. .__)
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De ce point de vue, des especes sto
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c/j Id Z z H w < CO K U w Q < H O H
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ces organes, done des effets a long
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REFERENCES Abbayes, H. des, G. Clau
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able to withstand 2 to 10 cm of oil
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Because we wanted to compare the ma
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FIGURE 4. Juncus maritimus. FIGURE
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J wk FIGURE 8. Plug type transplant
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FIGURE 12. Triglochin maritima. FIG
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FIGURE 14. Halimione portulacoides
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FIGURE 18. Surveying to determine t
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FIGURE 21. Site at lie Grande witho
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FIGURE 24. Puccinellia transplants
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Substrate RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Re
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TABLE 2. Number of transplants plan
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XLE ^ftflMae FIGURE 29. Map of stud
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FIGURE 31. Site for experimental pl
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Survival In September, 4 months aft
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TABLE 5. Survival of sprig type Hal
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TABLE 7. Cover of plug-type Puccine
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significantly below that of those s
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TABLE 9. Cover and survival of tran
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further consideration as a desirabl
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Response to Ref ertilization Analys
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FIGURE 42. Planting Puccinellia and
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Jfitjl i m-Jfc FIGURE 46. Experimen
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FIGURE 48. Site where Puccinellia t
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*& FIGURE 51 Sample Puccinellia pla
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FIGURE 55. Halimione sprigs being d
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FIGURE 58. Same experimental planti
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Although there was considerable var
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Ranwell, D. S. , 1968, Extent of da
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Les Chcn.iux Ccs scliorres sont dra
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ETUDES REALISEES DANS CES BIOTOPES
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SYNTHESE DES PRINCIPALS RESULTATS L
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Dl : Dans les couches plus profonde
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1° Une depollution se produit peu
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Devant les difficulties d' interpre
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CONCLUSIONS Nous avons essaye au co
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Eiotcpcs TAULKAU 4 EV0UT10N DtS CON
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TAMIJAU 3 HYUKOCARilURES DAKS LKS S
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B2 12-14 juia 79 1-2 avril 60 19-20
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J ", CI Ml) 3 o ex CO C I 4-1 0)
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150 - 100 - 50- 50- 50- t—t—i
Page 463 and 464:
150 100 - 50- 150 - 100 — 50 c t"
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Marchand, M. et J. Roucache, 1981,
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INTRODUCTION Les nappes d'emulsion
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L'ensemble de la nouvelle canograph
Page 472 and 473:
Le crabe Platyoni.cka6 latipei, (ca
Page 474 and 475:
On peut estimer que les especes qui
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Beauchamp P, 1914.
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Morphologie di 1 'escran Penneab
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465
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o o 467
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LU LU 469
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o o 471
Page 489 and 490:
1 s
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475
Page 493:
1 5
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