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SYNTHESE DES PRINCIPALS RESULTATS Les resultats concernant 1' analyse fine des hydrocarbures et de leur eventuelle degradation font l'objet d'un rapport separe x . Des resultats succints seront donnes ici seulement pour servir a 1' interpretation des phenomenes biologiques. Differents Degres de Pollution au Debut des Observations II faut noter ici 1' absence de "point zero" concernant l'etat des marais de l'lle Grande avant l'echouage de l'Amoco Cadiz en mars 1978. Aucune etude prealable n'existait sur ce site et il nous a ete impossible de trouver dans une region avoisinante un marais maritime de merae type, indemne, pouvant servir de reference. De sorte que, les stations choisies presentent en fait differents degres de pollution en decembre 1978, au debut de nos observations (HCT en surface, exprimes en g. kg - ' de sediment sec). Les valeurs ci-dessous, et notamment celles de Al et Dl, sont tres elevees en comparaison des valeurs donnees par Marchand (1981) pour des sediments profonds (15 a 100 metres) a la suite du naufrage du "Bohlen". Rappelons que le site de l'lle Grande etait un lieu de stockage des hydrocarbures apres nettoyage d'autres sites. - schorres encore couverts de mazout en decembre 1978 : Al : 32,97 ; Dl : 94,68 - schorre avec traces de pollution : CI : 4,17 - schorre apparemment indemne : Bl : 1,9 - chenaux drainant les schorres : tres pollue, A2 : 7,69 * apparemment indemne, C2 : 3,26 - haute-slikke bordant le chenal central : visiblement tres polluee, A3 : 5,56 * apparemment indemne, B3 : 0,50 Les concentrations evaluees en A2 et A3 (*) ont ete mesurees sur des echantillons provenant de 1' extreme pellicule superf icielle du sediment (moins de 1 cm d'epaisseur) deja colonisee par des microphyte's. Evolution des Concentrations en Hydrocarbures et des Peuplements Bacteriens et Microphytiques a Partir de Decembre 1978 Dans chacun des 3 biotopes - schorres, chenaux et slikkes - seront faites des comparaisons entre les stations tres polluees a differents x Etudes realisees par Henri Dou, Gerard Giusti et Gilbert Mille. Laboratoire de Chimie Organique A et LA 126 CNRS - Faculte des Sciences de Saint Jerome - 13397 Marseille cedex 13. 426
degres d'une part, et entre les stations tres polluees et les stations peu polluees d' autre part. On expose dans chaque cas : - 1' evolution des concentrations en HCT (g.kg~l), et de leur eventuelle degradation ; - l'evolution de l'activite bacterienne, du nombre de germes degradant les HC, de l'activite enzyma- - l'evolution quantitative et qualitative des peuplements micro- tique ; phytiques . Evolution dans les schorres Schorres tres pollues, Dl et Al . Schqrre_ Dl . En surface, la station Dl (Tab. 1) presente, presque deux ans apres l'echouage, la meme concentration en HCT (94,51) qu'en decembre 1978. II existe dans ce site des zones encore plus polluees (prelevement intentionnel dans une tache d'hydrocarbures en mai 1980 : 230,60). II semble y avoir, en ces points, une accumulation en surface par drainage du schorre environnant, lui-meme encore visiblement tres pollue en 1980. Le rapport AV/AP (Tab. 2), indicateur presume d'une biodegradation, augmente legerement en 1979 ainsi que l'activite bacterienne : un debut de degradation aurait eu lieu entre 1978 et 1979. On note parallelement une augmentation du nombre de germes degradant les HC jusqu'en novembre 1979 (10^ a 10? germes. ml~l de sediment) suivi d'une regression en 1980 (Fig. 2). L'activite enzymatique de 1' ensemble de la microflore a ete importante en decembre 1978, s'est prolongee jusqu'en 1979 ce qui suggere la possibility d'un effet favorisant des HC. Cette activite regresse en 1980 indiquant peut-etre un appauvrissement de la microflore bacterienne (regression de chymotrypsine, trypsine et hydrolases des glucides) (Fig. 5). Les microphytes (Fig. 8A,1>1 )totalement elimines et encore absents en novembre 1978, ont recolonise peu a peu la surface du sol et ont presente un maximum non negligeable en juillet 1979 (50yug Chla.g - '). Ensuite, la preponderance au printemps 80 des pheopigments indique un etat peu florissant de la population. Une reprise est amorcee en novembre 1980 (40yUg Chla.g - '). II est possible que cette population vegetale comportant un fort pourcentage de cyanophycees reputees riches en hydrocarbures naturels en C'7 (Han et Calvin, 1969 ; Saliot, 1981) contribue a l'augmentation observee du rapport cl7/Pr (Tab. 3) ce qui rend difficiles les interpretations quant a l'etat de degradation des HC. Dl : Dans la rhizosphere (cf. schemas des carottes, Tab. 1), on note dans le temps une diminution (de 8,13 a 0,23) de la quantite d'HCT et une augmentation du rapport AV/AP (1,20 a 2,06) pouvant indiquer une forte biodegradation. En effet, la concentration en germes degradant les HC croit de 10 2 a 10 6 germes. ml-1 jusqu'en 1980 (Fig. 2). Quant a l'activite enzymatique, elle est fluctuante et plus faible en general en 1980 (Fig. 5). 427
Page 1 and 2:
Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
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Les nouvelles populations caracteri
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TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
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populations initiales durant la pre
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vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
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Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
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Les unites cenotigues correspondant
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les peuplements de la baie de Morla
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R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
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-
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leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
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N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
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3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
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Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
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N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
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propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
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Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
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ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
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I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
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3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
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L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
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La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
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Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
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Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
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TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
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On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
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A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
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un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
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LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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The first type is due to the direct
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RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
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antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
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epresented an inflammatory response
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lateral nuclei were present. The ci
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There was also some indication, bas
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This method, based on the glucose o
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Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
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Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
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laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
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McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
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Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
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- les plantes survivantes -initiale
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General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
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FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
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1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
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FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
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FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
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In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392: FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394: FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396: '^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
Page 397 and 398: FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
Page 399 and 400: Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401: FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
Page 404 and 405: Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
Page 406 and 407: ^~~ -
Page 408 and 409: TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
Page 410 and 411: area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
Page 412 and 413: TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
Page 414 and 415: ,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
Page 416 and 417: FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
Page 418 and 419: fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
Page 420 and 421: Puccinellia were planted at one of
Page 422 and 423: FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
Page 424 and 425: Transplant Time Requirement It is d
Page 426 and 427: is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
Page 428 and 429: FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
Page 430 and 431: FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
Page 432 and 433: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
Page 434 and 435: LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
Page 437 and 438: ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
Page 439 and 440: HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
Page 441: dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
Page 445 and 446: Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
Page 447 and 448: L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
Page 449 and 450: chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
Page 451 and 452: Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
Page 453 and 454: stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
Page 455 and 456: Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
Page 457: E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
Page 460 and 461: FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
Page 462 and 463: 150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
Page 464 and 465: REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
Page 467 and 468: 1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
Page 469 and 470: 453
Page 471 and 472: EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
Page 473 and 474: ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
Page 475 and 476: 3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
Page 478 and 479: COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
Page 480 and 481: 464
Page 482 and 483: CO 00 466
Page 484 and 485: 468
Page 486 and 487: 470
Page 488 and 489: 472
Page 490 and 491: I s
Page 492 and 493:
476
Page 495:
Q) 1
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