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ETUDES REALISEES DANS CES BIOTOPES ET METHODES UTILISEES Neuf missions d'echantillonnage pour 1' etude des hydrocarbures et des peuplements bacteriens et microphytiques ont ete realisees entre decembre 1978 et novembre 1980 (une derniere mission est programmee en novembre 1981, ce qui donnera un "suivi" de 4 ans) . Divers parametres physiques et chimiques (temperatures, salinites, pH, Eh) ont ete mesures dans l'eau et les sediments. Les Hydrocarbures Les hydrocarbures (HC) ont ete doses et leur composition analysee dans des fractions de carottes a differents niveaux (Tab. 1, 2, 3). Les concentrations en hydrocarbures totaux (HCT) exprimees en g. kg~l de sediment sec sont definies comme etant la fraction FA apres les traitements suivants appliques aux echantillons de sediments : - extraction de la matiere organique au toluene-methanol sur echan- tillon humide (Farrington et Tripp, 1975). - elimination du soufre (pesee avant saponification — > poids AV- SP). - saponification a la potasse (pesee apres saponification >• poids AP-SP). - fractionnement du produit de la saponification par la methode dite au "Sep-pak"(micro-colonne de silice a compression radiale) (Giusti et al., 1979) . - elution par trois solvants successifs : 1° hexane fraction FA = HCT 2° chloroforme fraction FB = fraction polaire 3° methanol fraction FC L'extrait a 1 'hexane (FA = HCT) est ensuite analyse en chromatographic liquide haute pression (HPLC reverse-phase) puis en chromatographie gazeuse capillaire (CPG) et infra-rouge lorsque la concentration est suffisante. Une analyse plus fine par spectrometrie de masse couplee avec la CPG est effectuee si necessaire. Etude Bacterienne Pour l'etude bacterienne, 1 'echantillonnage des sediments etait effectue par carottages. Les fractions etudiees etaient : dans les schorres (carotte de 60 cm environ) - couche de surface (su) - rhizosphere (rh) - couches plus profondes (couche argileuse : ca ; couche sableuse : cs) ; 424
dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a 40 cm) - couche de surface (su) - zone reduite (zr) - couches plus profondes (ca ou cs) ; dans les slikkes (carottes de 10 a 40 cm) - memes couches que les chenaux. L' etude bacterienne de sous-echantillons comprenait : - denombrement de la microflore heterotrophe par MPN sur eau de mer pep- tonee a 5 g.l - ' ; - estimation de l'activite bacterienne sur les memes ensemencements ; etablissement d'une courbe d'activite qui depend de la presence de souches a croissance rapide ; - denombrement des germes capables de degrader les hydrocarbures par MPN sur milieu mineral contenant du petrole "Arabian light" comme source de carbone ; - : enzymologie mise en evidence des differentes hydrolases presentes et estimation comparative de leur activite par la methode APIZYM. A la surface des carottes, l'activite enzymatique est due a l'ensemble du peuplement "bacteries + microphytes". Dans les couches plus profondes, seule intervient l'activite bacterienne. Les peuplements microphytiques Les peuplements microphytiques etaient Studies sur des carottes plus courtes (3 premiers centimetres d'epaisseur) . Aspect Quantitatif L' aspect quantitatif du peuplement est essentiellement apprehende par 1' estimation d'un indice chlorophyllien de biomasse que nous abregerons en ICB : extraction a 1' acetone et mesures (avant et apres acidification des extraits) des concentrations en chlorophylle a (Chla ou ICB) et en produits de degradation de la chlorophylle (pheopigments = Pheo.), methode de Lorenzen (1967) modifiee par Plante-Cuny (1974) pour les sediments Resultats exprimes eniug.g - ! de sediment sec. Rapport Chla/Chla + Pheo : indice de vitalite des peuplements s'il y a preponderance de la chlorophylle (rapport ^ 0,5). Aspect Qualitatif L' aspect qualitatif du peuplement consiste en une etude ecotaxino- mique des principales especes de diatomees et cyanophycees presentes. Note II est evident que dans la presente synthese tous les resultats obtenus dans les etudes microbiologiques et microphytiques n'ont pu etre pris en compte. lis feront l'objet de rapports separes. (Voir aussi Vacelet et al . , et Plante-Cuny et al . , 1981). 425 i
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
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Les nouvelles populations caracteri
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TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
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populations initiales durant la pre
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vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
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Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
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Les unites cenotigues correspondant
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les peuplements de la baie de Morla
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R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
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-
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leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
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N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
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3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
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Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
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N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
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propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
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Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
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ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
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I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
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3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
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L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
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La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
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Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
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Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
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TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
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On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
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A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
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un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
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LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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The first type is due to the direct
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RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
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antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
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epresented an inflammatory response
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lateral nuclei were present. The ci
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There was also some indication, bas
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This method, based on the glucose o
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Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
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Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
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laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
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McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
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Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
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- les plantes survivantes -initiale
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General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
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FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
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1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
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FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
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FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390: In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392: FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394: FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396: '^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
Page 397 and 398: FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
Page 399 and 400: Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401: FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
Page 404 and 405: Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
Page 406 and 407: ^~~ -
Page 408 and 409: TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
Page 410 and 411: area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
Page 412 and 413: TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
Page 414 and 415: ,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
Page 416 and 417: FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
Page 418 and 419: fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
Page 420 and 421: Puccinellia were planted at one of
Page 422 and 423: FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
Page 424 and 425: Transplant Time Requirement It is d
Page 426 and 427: is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
Page 428 and 429: FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
Page 430 and 431: FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
Page 432 and 433: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
Page 434 and 435: LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
Page 437 and 438: ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
Page 439: HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
Page 443 and 444: degres d'une part, et entre les sta
Page 445 and 446: Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
Page 447 and 448: L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
Page 449 and 450: chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
Page 451 and 452: Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
Page 453 and 454: stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
Page 455 and 456: Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
Page 457: E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
Page 460 and 461: FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
Page 462 and 463: 150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
Page 464 and 465: REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
Page 467 and 468: 1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
Page 469 and 470: 453
Page 471 and 472: EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
Page 473 and 474: ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
Page 475 and 476: 3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
Page 478 and 479: COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
Page 480 and 481: 464
Page 482 and 483: CO 00 466
Page 484 and 485: 468
Page 486 and 487: 470
Page 488 and 489: 472
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I s
Page 492 and 493:
476
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Q) 1
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