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Transplant Time Requirement It is difficult to determine the time involved in the transplanting operations when experimental plantings are being established. In May 1981 we kept records of the time required for four persons to dig and transplant sprigs of Halimione and plugs of Puccinellia . Halimione plants were dug, separated into sprigs and put into plastic bags for transport to the planting site at the rate of about 180 per person hour. Puccinellia plants were dug, cut into plugs and put into a container for transport to the planting site at the rate of about 75 per person hour. These rates indicate that Halimione sprigs can be obtained about 2.4 times faster than Puccinellia plugs. The planting operation includes opening the transplant hole with a soil auger, inserting the appropriate amount of fertilizer, and inserting the transplant and firming the substrate around it. Both types of transplants can be planted at the rate of about 40 per person hour. These time requirements for digging and planting make no allowance for travel, supplies, and equipment, which must also be considered in the total cost of a planting operation. Based on our digging and planting time requirements only, the time required to plant 1 ha of Halimione on a 0.5 m spacing (40,000 transplants) would be about 1,220 person hours (220 person hours to dig sprigs + plant). The time required to plant 1 ha of 1,000 person Puccinellia on hours to a 0.5 m spacing would be about 1,530 person hours (530 person hours to dig + 1,000 person hours to plant). These cost estimates indicate that it would take four persons working 8 hour days about 38 days to plant 1 ha of Halimione on a 0.5 m spacing and about 48 days to do the same using Puccinellia. Recovery of Transplant Source Sites From the beginning of our restoration efforts we were aware of the potential for impact to the natural marsh in digging transplants for the plantings. Consequently, we confined our digging of plants in the natural marsh to areas adjacent to narrow drainageways (Fig. 6) or to small areas (0.25 m 2 ) in the marsh. All Puccinellia transplant source sites were replanted and those areas that were dug in 1979 and 1980 were almost completely revegetated by May 1981' (Figs. 48, 49). In a further attempt to lessen the pressure for obtaining transplants from the natural marsh, we have initiated nursery areas for Halimione and Puccinellia . These combined actions will help keep impact to the natural marsh to a minimum and serve as a model for others who may engage in similar activities in the future. Nursery Plantings The Puccinellia nursery area at Kerlavos was established in May 1979 and now contains about 300 plants that can be dug and separated into transplants. Although the plants vary in size, the average cover 408
FIGURE 48. Site where Puccinellia transplants were dug in May 1980. The area was replanted and was becoming rapidly revegetated in September 1980, 4 months after digging. FIGURE 49. Same site as shown in Figure 48 in May 1981, 1 year after digging. Vegetation cover is almost complete. 409
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
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Les nouvelles populations caracteri
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TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
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populations initiales durant la pre
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vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
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Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
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Les unites cenotigues correspondant
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les peuplements de la baie de Morla
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R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
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-
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leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
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N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
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3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
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Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
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N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
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propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
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Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
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ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
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I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
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3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
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L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
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La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
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Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
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Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
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TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
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On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
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A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
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un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
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LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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The first type is due to the direct
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RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
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antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
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epresented an inflammatory response
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lateral nuclei were present. The ci
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There was also some indication, bas
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This method, based on the glucose o
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Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
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Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
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laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
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McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
Page 375 and 376: Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
Page 377 and 378: - les plantes survivantes -initiale
Page 379 and 380: General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
Page 381 and 382: FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
Page 383 and 384: 1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
Page 385 and 386: FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
Page 387 and 388: FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390: In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392: FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394: FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396: '^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
Page 397 and 398: FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
Page 399 and 400: Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401: FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
Page 404 and 405: Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
Page 406 and 407: ^~~ -
Page 408 and 409: TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
Page 410 and 411: area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
Page 412 and 413: TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
Page 414 and 415: ,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
Page 416 and 417: FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
Page 418 and 419: fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
Page 420 and 421: Puccinellia were planted at one of
Page 422 and 423: FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
Page 426 and 427: is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
Page 428 and 429: FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
Page 430 and 431: FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
Page 432 and 433: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
Page 434 and 435: LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
Page 437 and 438: ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
Page 439 and 440: HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
Page 441 and 442: dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
Page 443 and 444: degres d'une part, et entre les sta
Page 445 and 446: Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
Page 447 and 448: L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
Page 449 and 450: chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
Page 451 and 452: Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
Page 453 and 454: stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
Page 455 and 456: Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
Page 457: E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
Page 460 and 461: FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
Page 462 and 463: 150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
Page 464 and 465: REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
Page 467 and 468: 1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
Page 469 and 470: 453
Page 471 and 472: EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
Page 473 and 474: ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
Page 475 and 476:
3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
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COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
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464
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CO 00 466
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468
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470
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472
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I s
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476
Page 495:
Q) 1
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