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a un developpement d'opportunistes necrophages comme le suggere Chasse (1978) puisque la composition faunistique reste tres comparable a celle du temoin. La chute des densites observee ulterieurement dans le bac le plus pollue est conforme aux resultats obtenus experimentalement in situ par Bakke et al. (1980) ou en mesocosmes par Elmgren et al. (1980 b). Elle s'accompagne d'un changement tres perceptible de la composition faunistique avec reduction du nombre d'especes et diminution de la biomasse. Contrairement a 1 ' idee generalement admise, le groupe des Nematodes peut done constituer un indicateur biologique fiable des modifications de l'ecosysteme (Piatt & Warwick, 1980) puisque leurs possibilites adaptatives permettent a certaines especes de se maintenir quelles que soient les conditions de milieu, a d'autres de proliferer en quelques semaines pour occuper la niche laissee vide. La determination experimental de groupes de Nematodes a comportement similaire vis-a-vis de 1 'eutrophisation ou des pollutions, apparait done comme une voie de recherche prometteuse pour caracteriser 1'etat ou la dynamique des ecosystemes perturbes. SUMMARY Experimental study of hydrocarbon pollution in a sand microecosystem I. Effect of the sediment contamination on meiofauna. The effects of hydrocarbon pollution, at two different intensities with respect to a control, on the microecosystems were studied using recirculating experimental tanks containing 100 liters of subtidal fine sand. Changes in the population characteristics of meiofauna (nematodes and copepods) were chosen to follow the effects of oil pollution. Irrespective of the intensity of pollution, the density of nematodes in the experimental tanks increased at a significantly higher rate than in the control tank during the first two months after pollution and then decreased slowly. The density of harpacticoid copepods was negatively related to the intensity of oil pollution. It that the nematodes /copepods ratio would be appears an useful indicator of the degree of oil pollution. After 3 months of experimental duration, the faunal composition of the nematodes in the highly polluted tank was drastically modified. This change is evident from a sharp fall in biomass and species diversity; small opportunistic nematode species, known for their association with eutrophicated environment, became dominant. Changes in the meiofauna population parameters in the slightly polluted experimental tank did not show any significant variation from those in the control tank. REMERCIEMENTS L'ensemble des tris de la meiofaune a ete realise par Melle L. Cras, technicienne CNRS que nous tenons plus particulierement cier avec toutes les personnes ayant collabore a ce travail. 240 a remer
BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, Die Rauminhalts-und gewichtstimmung der Fadenwiirmer (Nematoden) . Acta zool. Acad. Sci. hung. Vol. 2, pp. 1-15. of a subtidal sediment community to low levels of oil hydrocarbons in a Norvegian fjord. In Proc. 1979 oil spill Conf., Los Angeles, CA (USA). Publ. AmerT" Petrol. Inst. Washington, D.C., pp. 633-639. Bakke, T. 1 T.M. Johnsen, 1979, Response Boucher, G. , 1979, Evolution des caracteristiques chimiques et biologiques des sediments en circuit clos. II. Effet de la matiere organique circulante sur la meiofaune de systemes polytrophes. Colloque national Ecotron. Publ. Sc. Tech. CNEXO, Actes Colloq, pp. 31- 47. Boucher, G. 1980, Impact of Amoco Cadiz oil spill on intertidal and sublittoral meiofauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull., Vol. 11 (4), pp. 95-100. Boucher, G. , 1981, Effets a long terme des hydrocarbures de 1 'Amoco Cadiz sur la structure des communautes de Nematodes libres des sables fins sublittoraux. I_n "Amoco Cadiz. Consequences d'une pollution accidentelle par les hydrocarbures". Actes Colloq. CNEXO pp. 539-549. Boucher G. & S. Chamroux, 1976, Bacteria and meiofauna in an experimental sand ecosystem. I. Material and preliminary results. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 24, pp. 237-249. Boucher, G. S. Chamroux & C. Riaux, 1981, Etude d'impact ecologique de la pollution petroliere de 1 'Amoco Cadiz dans la region de Roscoff et de la Baie de Morlaix. Effet a long terme sur la structure des ecosystemes sedimentaires. Rapport d' execution de contrat d'etudes environnement CNEXO/Universite Paris 6 n° 79/5973, 51 pp. Chasse, C, 1978, The ecological impact on an near shores by the Amoco- Cadiz oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull., Vol. 9 (11), 298-301. Chasse, C. & A. Guenole-Bouder, 1981, Comparaison quantitative des populations benthiques des plages de St Efflam et St Michel en Greve avant et depuis le naufrage de 1 'Amoco Cadiz. In "Amoco Cadiz. Consequences d'une pollution accidentelle par les hydrocarbures". Actes Colloq. CNEXO, pp. 513-525. Dauvin, J.C., 1979 a, Impact des hydrocarbures de l'"Amoco Cadiz" sur le peuplement inf ralittoral des sables fins de la Pierre Noire (Baie de Morlaix). J. Rech. Oceanogr. , Vol. 4 (1), pp. 28-29. Dauvin, J.C., 1979 b, Recherches quantitatives sur le peuplement des sables fins de la Pierre Noire, Baie de Morlaix, et sur sa perturbation par les hydrocarbures de 1 'Amoco Cadiz. These Doctorat 3e cycle Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 251 pp. Dauvin, J.C., 1981, Evolution a long terme des populations d'Amphipodes des sables fins de la Pierre Noire (Baie de Morlaix) apres 1' impact des hydrocarbures de 1 'Amoco Cadiz. J. Rech. oceanogr. Vol. 6 (1), pp. 12-13. 241
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
Page 207 and 208: REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
Page 209 and 210: Les nouvelles populations caracteri
Page 211 and 212: TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
Page 213 and 214: B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
Page 215 and 216: populations initiales durant la pre
Page 217 and 218: vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
Page 219: Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
Page 222 and 223: Les unites cenotigues correspondant
Page 224 and 225: les peuplements de la baie de Morla
Page 226 and 227: R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
Page 229 and 230: -
Page 231 and 232: leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
Page 233 and 234: N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
Page 235 and 236: 3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
Page 237 and 238: Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
Page 239 and 240: N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
Page 241 and 242: propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
Page 243 and 244: Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
Page 245 and 246: ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
Page 247 and 248: I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
Page 249 and 250: 3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
Page 251 and 252: L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
Page 253 and 254: La sensibilite de cet indice semble
Page 255: La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
Page 259: Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
Page 262 and 263: INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
Page 264 and 265: Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
Page 266 and 267: apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
Page 268 and 269: Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
Page 270 and 271: Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
Page 272 and 273: TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
Page 274 and 275: On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
Page 276 and 277: A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
Page 278 and 279: un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
Page 280 and 281: schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
Page 282 and 283: Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
Page 285 and 286: LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
Page 287 and 288: The first type is due to the direct
Page 289 and 290: RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
Page 291 and 292: Table I. Distribution of patholocie
Page 293 and 294: a. B o r— IT) —
Page 295 and 296: antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
Page 297 and 298: epresented an inflammatory response
Page 299 and 300: lateral nuclei were present. The ci
Page 301 and 302: There was also some indication, bas
Page 303 and 304: This method, based on the glucose o
Page 305 and 306: Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
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Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
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laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
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McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
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Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
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- les plantes survivantes -initiale
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General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
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FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
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1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
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FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
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FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
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In September, we made 9 additional
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FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
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FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
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'^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
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FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
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Elevation All elevations are given
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FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
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Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
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^~~ -
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TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
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area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
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TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
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,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
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FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
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fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
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Puccinellia were planted at one of
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FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
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Transplant Time Requirement It is d
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is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
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FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
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FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
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LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
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ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
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HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
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dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
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degres d'une part, et entre les sta
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Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
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L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
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chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
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Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
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stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
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Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
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E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
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FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
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150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
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1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
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453
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EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
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ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
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3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
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COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
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464
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CO 00 466
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468
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470
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472
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I s
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476
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Q) 1
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