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BOUCHER, G., CHAMROUX, S., LE BORGME, L. , and MEVEL, G. Etude Experimental e d'une Pollution par Hydrocarbures dans un Microecosysteme Sedimentaire. I: Effet de i Contamination du Sediment sur la Meiofaunr- 22 " Page BODIN, P. and BOUCHER, D. Evolution a floyen-Terme du Meiobenthos et du Microphytobenthos sur Quelques Plages Touchees par la Maree Noire de 1 'AMOCO -CADIZ 245 NEF and HAENSLY, W.E. Long-Term Impact of the AMOCO CADIZ Crude Oil Spill on Oysters Crassostrea gigas and Plaice : ieuronectes platessa From Aber Benoit and Aber Wrac'h, Brittany, France. I. Oyster Histopathology. II Hetrcleum Contamination and Biochemical Indices of Stress in Oysters and Plaice . . . 269 LEVASSEUR, J.E. and JORY, M.-L. Retablissement Naturel d'une Vegetation de Marais Mari times Alteree par les Hydrocarbures de 1 'AMOCO CADIZ: Modalites et Tendances 329 SENECA, E.D. and BROOME, S.W. Restoration of Marsh Vegetation Impacted by the AMOCO CADIZ Oil Spill and Subsequent Cleanup Operations at He Grande, France 363 LE CAMPION-ALSUMARD, T. , PLANTE-CUNY, M.-R., and VACELET, E. Etudes Microbiologiques et Microphytiques dans les Sediments des Marais Maritimes de l'lle Grande a la Suite de la Pollution par 1 'AMOCO CADIZ 421 CHASSE, C. and GUENOLE-BOUDER, A. 1964-1982, Comparaison Quantitative des Populations Benthiques des Plages de St Efflam, St Michel-en- Greve Avant, Pendant et Depuis le Naufrage de 1 'AMOCO-CADIZ 451 iv
PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m. on Thursday, March 16, 1978, the supertanker Amoco Cadiz went aground on a rock outcropping 1.5 km offshore of Portsall on the northwest coast of France. The vessel contained a cargo of 216,000 tens of crude oil and 4,000 tons of bunker fuel. At 6:00 a.m. on Friday, March 17, the vessel broke just forward of the wheelhouse and thus started the largest oil spill in maritime history. During the course of the next 15 days, the bunker fuel and contents of all 13 loaded cargo tanks, which contained two varieties of light mideastern crude oil, were released into the ocean. The oil quickly became a water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) of at least 50% water, and heavily impacted nearly 140km of the Brittany coast from Portsall to He de Brehat. At one time or another, oil contamination was observed along 393 km of coastline and at least 60 km offshore. Impacted areas included recreational beaches, mariculture impoundments, and a substantial marine fishery industry. h arcr, .3, r. »,ilmot N. Hess, Director of the . v.v , - /omental Research Laboratories (ERL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (N0AA), contacted Dr. Lucien Laubier, Director of the Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne (COB) of the Centre National pour 1 'Exploitation des Oceans (CNEX0), the French national oceanographic organization. Dr. Hess and Dr. Laubier arranged for participation by United States scientists in a joint Franco-American investigation of physical and chemical manifestations of the spill. On March 24, the agreement was expanded to include cooperative biological investigations through contacts initiated by Dr. Eric Schneider, Director of the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Research Laboratory in Narragansett, Rhode Island. N0AA personnel arrived on March 19 to join the investigation initiated on March 17 by several French scientific teams. Initial photographic over-flights and active beach sampling began on Tuesday, March 21, followed by initial chemical sampling by vessel on Friday, March 24. The team was supplemented with EPA biological observers on Sunday, March 26. Sampling has continued by some segments of this original team until the present time. Throughout the period of investigation, active interaction and coordination with the French scientific community have taken place under the auspices of C0B/CNEX0. All sampling has been coordinated with the general ecological impact study designed by the French Ministry of Environment, organized, ,by CNEX0, and operated by several scientific institutions in France^ , making possible a more thorough evaluation of the effects of the incident than would otherwise have been possible. - National Museum of Natural History, National Geographic Institute, French Institute of Petroleum, Scientific and Technical Institute of Marine Fisheries, University of Western Brittany, University P. and M. Curie, Paris VI, and the National Center for the Exploitation of the Oceans.
Page 1 and 2: Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
Page 3 and 4: ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
Page 5: Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
Page 9 and 10: In November 1979, an international
Page 11: CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
Page 15: MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
Page 18 and 19: Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
Page 20 and 21: 147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
Page 22 and 23: The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
Page 24 and 25: TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
Page 26 and 27: The detailed gas-chromatographic an
Page 28 and 29: TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
Page 30: TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
Page 33 and 34: TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
Page 35 and 36: o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
Page 37 and 38: z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
Page 39: CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
Page 42 and 43: LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
Page 44 and 45: The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
Page 46 and 47: acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
Page 48 and 49: 2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
Page 52 and 53: 2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
Page 54 and 55: TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
Page 56 and 57:
T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
Page 58 and 59:
ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
Page 68 and 69:
TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
Page 70 and 71:
-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
Page 154 and 155:
It should be noted that a sample ta
Page 156 and 157:
REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
Page 158 and 159:
affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
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Les nouvelles populations caracteri
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TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
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populations initiales durant la pre
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vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
Page 219:
Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
Page 222 and 223:
Les unites cenotigues correspondant
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les peuplements de la baie de Morla
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R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
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-
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leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
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N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
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3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
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Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
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N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
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propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
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Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
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ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
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I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
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3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
Page 251 and 252:
L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
Page 253 and 254:
La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
Page 259:
Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
Page 268 and 269:
Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
Page 272 and 273:
TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
Page 274 and 275:
On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
Page 276 and 277:
A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
Page 278 and 279:
un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
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LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
Page 287 and 288:
The first type is due to the direct
Page 289 and 290:
RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
Page 295 and 296:
antenai, and longitudinal spiral ro
Page 297 and 298:
epresented an inflammatory response
Page 299 and 300:
lateral nuclei were present. The ci
Page 301 and 302:
There was also some indication, bas
Page 303 and 304:
This method, based on the glucose o
Page 305 and 306:
Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
Page 307 and 308:
Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
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sediments which is dominated by hig
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Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
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COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
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Table 12. Concentrations of total a
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. Table 14. Concentration of alipha
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Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
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Table 17 . Concentration of total l
Page 323 and 324:
laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
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Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
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Table 25 • Concentration of free
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ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
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Table 28 Concentration of free amin
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Table 30. Concentration of free ami
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Table 32 . Concentration of free am
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oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
Page 342 and 343:
McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
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RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
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INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un
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Nous distinguerons alors les phases
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Situation 3) Territoires fortement
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Plus precisiment le codage correspo
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Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
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Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
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Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
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- Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
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TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
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05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
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'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
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Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
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1 - appel a la notion de compositio
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Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
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- les plantes survivantes -initiale
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General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
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FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
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1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
Page 385 and 386:
FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
Page 387 and 388:
FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390:
In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392:
FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394:
FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
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'^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
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FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
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Elevation All elevations are given
Page 401:
FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
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Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
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^~~ -
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TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
Page 410 and 411:
area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
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TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
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,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
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FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
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fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
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Puccinellia were planted at one of
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FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
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Transplant Time Requirement It is d
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is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
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FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
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FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
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LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
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ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
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HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
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dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
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degres d'une part, et entre les sta
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Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
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L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
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chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
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Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
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stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
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Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
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E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
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FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
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150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
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1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
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453
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EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
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ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
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3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
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COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
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464
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CO 00 466
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468
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470
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472
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I s
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476
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Q) 1
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