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In an other hand, some species, initially "resistant" show a marked sensibility to underground actual pollution and consequent ly, large populations may decline or even die ( cf. Juncus maritimus Lam.). Finally, these processes, acting in simultaneous or successive manners, will lead to varied recovery sequences, to transitory (?) stages characterized by a spatial species redistribution which may be quite different from the original pattern. MOTS-CLES: Retabli ssement, regeneration, restauration, successions secondaire et primaire, pollution par les hydrocarbures, nettoiement, vegetation de marais maritimes. KEY WORDS: Recovery, regeneration, restoration, secondary and primary succession^ hydrocarbons pollution, cleaning up, salt marsh vegetation. 330
INTRODUCTION Le retablissement d'un couvert vegetal perturbe est un processus complexe qui recouvre des realites et presente des modalites tres diverses, d'autant que les causes perturbantes n'ont pas eu le meme impact suivant les lieux et suivant les especes composant le tapis vegetal (Baker, 1979 ; Levasseur et al , , 1981). Les marais maritimes constituent un ensemble heterogene, qui quoique fondamentalement organise en habitats Stages, aux conditions mesologiques varices, supporte une vegetation qualitativement ou dans les espaces intrazonaux, quantitativement variee. Cependant, etant donne qu'il s'agit d'environnements physiquement determines, surtout dans les parties moyennes et basses des marais, la diversite specif ique est f aible, ce qui signifie qu'une perturbation peut avoir un effet drastique sur des communautes vegetales et ceci d'autant plus qu'elles seront paucispecifiques et/ou particulierement sensibles, de par leurs composantes, a une cause perturbatrice particuliere, Ayant dans un travail anterieur (Levasseur et al., 1. c . ) detaille cet aspect des choses, nous ne presenterons, dans cette communication, que quelques donnees relatives au retablissement de la vegetation au cours des trois annees ecouleesjet ceci aussi bien dans les espaces non modifies par l'homme que dans ceux qui ont ete transformes du fait des operations de nettoiement. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons les documents suivants, quoique non exhaustifs des differents cas de figures rencontres : - cartographie chronologique d'un marais choisi pour sa diversite - intrinseque initiale, mais aussi pour la diversite des perburbations 1 'ayant affecte depuis mars 1978 ; transects permanents, regulierement releves depuis 197 1 ? et destines, au plan*populations vegetales, a illustrer a la fois la chronologie des reprises, le developpement vegetatif ulterieur, les reorganisations spatiales interclones etla colonisation directe par les individus nouveaux. Definition LE RETABLISSEMENT : DEFINITION ET PROCESSUS GENERAUX II y a lieu de distinguer entre : 1 - le retablissement dans un marais donne du couvert vegetal, qui se traduit par une cicatrisation se deroulant non necessairement lineairement dans le temps et non synchroniquement dans l'espace et dont la duree probable, pour etre menee a son terme,est fonction de nombreux parametres y essentiellement : 331
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Na/JA/CNfiXO 0
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Physic
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PREFACE At approximately 11:30 p.m.
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In November 1979, an international
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CNEXO-NOAA Joint Scientific Commiss
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MICROBIAL HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION W
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Chemical Hydrocarbon Analyses Perfo
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147, 156, 170, 178, 184, 192, 198,
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The microbial hydrocarbon biodegrad
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TABLE 7. Biodegradation of 9-methyl
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The detailed gas-chromatographic an
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TABLE 13. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TABLE 17. Hydrocarbon concentration
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TTTl n rrffl KMIIMCi WOU^I ! I .Dm.
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o z o 5- 3- UJ >4 UJ - cc 2- I ll F
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z o 4. 3_ 2- t- 1 _ < K o z o 1_ o
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CONCLUSIONS Microbial degradation a
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LIQUID 5AK?lE CCNTftit-'JGAriOH + F
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The saturated hydrocarbons were mos
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acteria of the genus Moraxella, ind
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2. CONTINUOUS CULTURES In continuou
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INTRODUCTION All fate and effects s
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2.1 Sediments and Sediment Cores (E
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TABLE 2. Focus of GC/MS analyses. S
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T.ssue Semoie S50 grams Wet) HI Dis
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ae = E3£\CE '.tC'-SSE S* -•* 3 S
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TABLE 3A. Weathering of AMOCO CADIZ
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fli-Liftim Mi.u".- i I 7 1 1 5 6 /
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3.2 Surface Sediments (Atlas, Unive
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_l I I I I I L_ a •BIOGENIC P •
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TABLE 6. Replication of hydrocarbon
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-I—i i i i i i i i—i—i—I t
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t i I hn I 94 n,, , i i I ABCOEFGHI
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C30BT:177ng g 1 * ? » I—I—I I
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marker compounds, the C3 dibenzothi
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TABLE 8. AMOCO CADIZ sediment sampl
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TABLE 11. St. Michel en Greve/Lanni
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TABLE 14. L'Aber Benoit GC/MS resul
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3.4 Sediment Cores (Ward, Montana S
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' TABLE 16. L'Aber Wrac h sediment
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!•[ 220 = f occEMeea 1979 AUGUST
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10 120 1000 no g 400 600 ALU ISO AL
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The AMC-4 cores appear dominated by
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3.5 Oysters and Plaice (Neff, Batte
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The GC traces for the impacted oyst
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m/e m/8 m/e Lja.i t: J b l| c I "II
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-* I I I I ABCDEFGH IJ K LMNOPQRSTU
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AROMA IK S SATURATES 4-1 FIGURE 3.7
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TABLE 20. AMOCO CADIZ chemistry pro
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TABLE 24. Results of ISTPM fish ana
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3.7 Seaweed and Sediments (Topinka,
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ma. w p FIGURE 3.81. HC-4-1 seaweed
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9) Oysters were initially heavily i
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STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIO
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sample 1 - extraction (toluene meth
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TABLE 1. Hydrocarbon content of lie
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TABLE 3. Chromatographic analysis o
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1A _jiU' IB •JlIw '3 L Pr i 2A 2B
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CD o 0. - f 2104 "*. vli . ! i » -
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A IB A HC. SATURES S M C C [HiLJJL
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The relative contents of saturated
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20-06-79 17-1-80
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11- 78 F
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31-03-78 22-11-78 20 - 06 - 79 17-
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STATION 6 i—r 3400 3000 1600 31-0
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PORTSALL 23-3-78 FPD AW 22-11-78 FP
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Photometry Detection (FPD) as well.
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1 r PIODUI7S F.ECUPEF.ES BRUT DECAN
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The chromatogram of the saturated h
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etween the end of March and early A
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certain chemical species which are
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It should be noted that a sample ta
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REFERENCES CITED Aminot, A., 1981,
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affected a very large section of th
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OIL POLLUTION IN THE WESTERN ENGLIS
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atio of more than 100 is an index o
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TABLE 4. Comparison between hydroca
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FIGURE 7. Sampling stations in the
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IBB 000,- HC CPPM] ib me. lass. 100
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would particular
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METHANE-PRODUCING BACTERIA POLYMERI
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AMOCO CAQiZ ® BE" 'LOUT U A8ER .^"
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and methanolic (f~) fractions for o
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14 99%) from New England Nuclear; n
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concentrations were extremely low (
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(A) Oiled Estuary Mudtiat cms " i l
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TABLE 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in B
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TABLE 4. 11 *C0 2 + 1
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IGO 3-6 cm slurry IGO 3-6cm slurry
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FRESH OIL hk UjlAdU-uJM^vA. i^w*XaA
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TABLE 7. Effect of AMOCO CADIZ Mous
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14 TABLE 10. Effect of Hydrocarbons
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pounds were, however, noted at dept
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effects of additional heavy oiling.
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Centre Nationale pour ' 1 Exploitat
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S^rensen, J., D. Christensen, and B
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REPONSES DES PEUPLEMENTS SUBTIDAUX
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Les nouvelles populations caracteri
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TABLEAU I. L' evolution des peuplem
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B Dui © ® Du 2 © Sf FIGURE 4. Ev
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populations initiales durant la pre
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vs w DU w VS/ FV W DU,B SHV W ' \ /
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Connell, J.H. et R.O. Slatyer, 1977
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Les unites cenotigues correspondant
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les peuplements de la baie de Morla
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R, E c a ~ a H CO 3 -> E ;j cu R. a
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-
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leurs du meme ordre qu'avant la pol
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N/m 10 10 10 10 • -* Cycle normal
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3.2.3.2) Peuplement des sables tres
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Richesse specifique (fig. 10) D'avr
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N.m-2 300^ 250 200- 150 100 50 -•
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propor tionnels aux quantities d'hy
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Den HARTOG, C. 8 R.E.W.H. JACOBS, 1
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ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE D'UNE POLLUTION
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I. Pump2 Pumpl HL_Q I § i I ,1 1 I
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3000 1500 1000 - FIGURE 2. Evolutio
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L'evolution des Copepodes harpactic
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La sensibilite de cet indice semble
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La biomasse est sensiblement plus f
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Andrassy, I., 1956, D
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Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978, Macroben
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INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du suivi
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Pigments chlorophylliens RESULTATS
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apparente en decembre 1978 et aout
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Pheo (vg/q ) Ca (pg/g) 5 5 to 15 \
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Les conditions meteorologiques (fac
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TABLEAU 2. Evolution temporelle des
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On peut aussi expliquer , du moins
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A Brouennou, quatre groupes ecologi
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un groupe de sabulicoles epi- et en
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schema des mecanismes regulateurs d
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Gargas , E., 1970, Measurement of p
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LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE AMOCO CADIZ
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The first type is due to the direct
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RESULTS Tissues from 134 specimens
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Table I. Distribution of patholocie
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a. B o r— IT) —
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Page 297 and 298: epresented an inflammatory response
Page 299 and 300: lateral nuclei were present. The ci
Page 301 and 302: There was also some indication, bas
Page 303 and 304: This method, based on the glucose o
Page 305 and 306: Table 4 . Concentrations of total a
Page 307 and 308: Table 6 . Concentration of aliphati
Page 309 and 310: sediments which is dominated by hig
Page 311 and 312: Table 9 . Concentration of aromatic
Page 313 and 314: COn,pOUnd Table 11 . Concentration
Page 315 and 316: Table 12. Concentrations of total a
Page 317 and 318: . Table 14. Concentration of alipha
Page 319 and 320: Date/Sample April 1979 (13) Whole F
Page 321 and 322: Table 17 . Concentration of total l
Page 323 and 324: laboratory (Wardle, 1972). In the l
Page 326 and 327: Table 23. Concentration of ascorbic
Page 328 and 329: Table 25 • Concentration of free
Page 330 and 331: ange. Dominant tissue-free amino ac
Page 332 and 333: Table 28 Concentration of free amin
Page 334 and 335: Table 30. Concentration of free ami
Page 336 and 337: Table 32 . Concentration of free am
Page 338 and 339: oil-polluted Abers and from nearby
Page 340 and 341: REFERENCES CITED Anderson, J.W. , 1
Page 342 and 343: McCain, B.B., H.O. Hodgins, W.D. Gr
Page 345: RETABLISSEMENT NATUREL D'UNE VEGETA
Page 349 and 350: Nous distinguerons alors les phases
Page 351 and 352: Situation 3) Territoires fortement
Page 353 and 354: Plus precisiment le codage correspo
Page 356 and 357: Figure 3. Marais 6-Etat en 1979 (le
Page 358 and 359: Figure 5. Marais 6-Etat en 1981 (le
Page 360 and 361: Commentaires Mis a. part un petit n
Page 362 and 363: - Marais 3. Ce transect, situe en m
Page 364 and 365: TRANSECT 'VVATS 5 Figure 8. Transec
Page 366 and 367: 05 (11 O ; cd 00 i I i I i I I I I
Page 368 and 369: 'igure 9 Transect permanent-Marais
Page 370 and 371: Commentaires - Estuaire de Kerlavos
Page 372: 1 - appel a la notion de compositio
Page 375 and 376: Figure 12. T'orphologie comparee d'
Page 377 and 378: - les plantes survivantes -initiale
Page 379 and 380: General RESTORATION OF MARSH VEGETA
Page 381 and 382: FIGURE 1. Marsh west of the bridge
Page 383 and 384: 1979 Plantings Based on our prelimi
Page 385 and 386: FIGURE 6. Digging Puccinellia along
Page 387 and 388: FIGURE 10. A 6.5-cm diameter soil a
Page 389 and 390: In September, we made 9 additional
Page 391 and 392: FIGURE 16. Creek bank without veget
Page 393 and 394: FIGURE 19. Eroding creek bank at He
Page 395 and 396: '^^Wr ./".#" -•: rst^ s8H.*r FIGU
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FIGURE 26. Experimental planting es
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Elevation All elevations are given
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FIGURE 27. Map of study area on nor
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Keri&vos FIGURE 30. Map of study ar
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^~~ -
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TABLE 4. Survival of two types of t
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area (12 m 2 ) , and was an excepti
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TABLE 8. Aboveground dry weight of
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,^-^ FIGURE 37. Several 2-year old
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FIGURE 38. Experimental planting at
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fr J1MI FIGURE 40. Experimental pla
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Puccinellia were planted at one of
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FIGURE 44. Preliminary planting of
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Transplant Time Requirement It is d
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is about 540 cm^ or over 20 times t
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FIGURE 53. Plant shown in Figure 51
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FIGURE 56. Experimental planting of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cooperation with o
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LITERATURE CITED Baker, J. M. , 197
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ETUDES MICROBIOLOGIQUES ET MICROPHY
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HMMME NTHWL SWIRLING SITES Referenc
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dans les chenaux (carottes de 30 a
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degres d'une part, et entre les sta
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Schorres peu polities, CI et Bl CI
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L'activite enzymatique dans cette s
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chenaux : Conclusions sur le biotop
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Les schorres Les schorres, par cont
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stations TABLEAU 2 IIYDROfARUUKES D
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Ci 1 12-14 )uiH 79 2-7 oct 79 23-25
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E •" * — lissMs .-*. K V- v..
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FIGURE 8 Evolution temporelle des c
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150- 100 50- 150- 100- 50 446 *o
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Atlas,
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1964-1982, COMPARAISON QUANTITATIVE
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453
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EFFETS DE LA MAREE NOIRE SUR LES PE
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ESPECES En 1980, on a pu cartograph
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3- EVOLUTION GLOBALE II semble s'am
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COUREE DE L EVOLUTION DES BIOMASSES
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464
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CO 00 466
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468
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470
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472
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I s
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476
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Q) 1
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