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Return Migration: Policies and Practices Armenia (59), the Russian Federation (51), and Macedonia (72). A further 37 Afghan nationals returned in this year, two of whom returned under the programme for the Return of Qualified Afghans. Close to one thousand were assisted in 2003, many to the Kosovo province, Turkey, Moldova, Iran, and Afghanistan. On the whole, the diversity of countries of origin has increased from 36 countries in 2001 to 49 destinations of humanitarian voluntary return from Austria in 2003. Lessons Learned TABLE 3 GENERAL STATISTICS ON VOLUNTARY RETURNS (VERIFIED BY BORDER GUARDS) Year Number of Assisted Voluntary Returns 2000 1,541 2001 3,411 2002 2,791 January – October 2003 1,791 TABLE 4 GENERAL STATISTICS ON VOLUNTARY RETURNS (NOT VERIFIED BY BORDER GUARDS) Year Number of Assisted Voluntary Returns 2000 1,051 2001 1,020 2002 1,271 January – October 2003 1,076 2.4 BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNED Four developing trends that IOM wants to build on and/or strengthen are: Regional migration processes, which can benefit from IOM assisted return services in a regional context and/or as part of a comprehensive approach to migration management; An increased recognition, by all concerned states, that origin, transit and destination countries need to discuss and cooperate on return, readmission and reintegration, in order to find fair, effective, and durable solutions; A growing call for specialization of assisted return projects, with greater attention to migrant counselling, reintegration and monitoring; and The need for donor-funded return projects that facilitate return among “Southern” or origin countries. 34
Cost Effectiveness Analysis 35 AUSTRIA AVR programmes are considered to be more cost effective than forced return in view of the fact that the average cost of counselling, flights, pre-departure accommodation and reintegration assistance only amounts to approximately EUR 415 per person. The average cost per person of enforcing an expulsion order is thought to be much higher than this. TABLE 5 AVERAGE COSTS, BY COUNTRY: 01 JANUARY – 11 DECEMBER 2003 Country of Origin Average Cost in Euro Afghanistan 479.02 Albania 254.82 Algeria 440.68 Argentina 596.78 Armenia 340.78 Azerbaijan 346.89 Bangladesh 528.37 Belarus 303.57 Bosnia and Herzegovina 218.04 Brazil 506.70 Bulgaria 284.35 Cameroon 521.00 China 526.91 Ecuador 648.95 Egypt 495.61 Estonia 380.45 Georgia 362.23 Ghana 677.80 India 401.57 Indonesia 524.00 Iran 275.16 Iraq 275.96 Jordan 326.16 Kazakhstan 604.69 Kenya 448.90 Kyrgyzstan 658.42 Lebanon 526.90 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 278.39 Lithuania 326.03 Macedonia, FYR 226.48 Moldova 261.84 Mongolia 659.62 Morocco 328.80 Nepal 508.05
Page 1 and 2: Return Migration Policies & Practic
Page 3: Return Migration: Policies and Prac
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 7 Ex
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION 7 INTRODUCTION This re
Page 11 and 12: 9 INTRODUCTION EU-funded capacity b
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 EXECUTIVE SUMM
Page 15 and 16: 13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In some cases,
Page 17 and 18: 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Most returning
Page 19 and 20: 17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There may equa
Page 21: NOTES 19 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Readm
Page 24 and 25: Return Migration: Policies and Prac
Page 41 and 42: BELGIUM 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 P
Page 43 and 44: 41 BELGIUM measure, persons who col
Page 45 and 46: 43 BELGIUM agreement concerns natio
Page 47 and 48: Re-entry is possible, if the migran
Page 49 and 50: 2. ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN 47 BEL
Page 51 and 52: 49 BELGIUM Recognized refugees can
Page 53: NOTES 51 BELGIUM 1. Amendment of th
Page 65 and 66: CZECH REPUBLIC 1. INVOLUNTARY RETUR
Page 67 and 68: 65 CZECH REPUBLIC Aliens and Border
Page 69 and 70: 67 CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech Republi
Page 71 and 72: 69 CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech Ministr
Page 73 and 74: 2.2 STATISTICS ON VOLUNTARY RETURN
Page 75 and 76: DENMARK 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 P
Page 77 and 78: Administrative Expulsion Orders 75
Page 79 and 80: 77 DENMARK The same provision appli
Page 81 and 82: 79 DENMARK exemption of passports f
Page 83 and 84: 81 DENMARK Fingerprints Law No. 291
Page 85 and 86: 83 DENMARK An assisted return progr
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85 DENMARK In 2002, 170 persons dep
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87 DENMARK • Co-funding in EU pro
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ESTONIA 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 P
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91 ESTONIA Obstacles to the impleme
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93 ESTONIA administrative arrest or
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95 ESTONIA In addition, Estonia has
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1.4 STATISTICS ON INVOLUNTARY RETUR
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99 ESTONIA All returns were carried
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NOTES 101 ESTONIA 1. A day’s mini
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Return Migration: Policies and Prac
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FRANCE 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 PO
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121 FRANCE The new legislation also
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Judicial Order of Expulsion 123 FRA
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Removal 125 FRANCE The legal basis
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127 FRANCE These provisions are not
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129 FRANCE France does not use the
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131 FRANCE notice subsequently (for
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133 FRANCE If a migrant leaves the
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NOTES 135 FRANCE 1. Circular No. no
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GREECE 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 PO
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167 GREECE Rejected asylum seekers
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1.3 ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROCEDURAL A
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171 GREECE After completion of the
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ITALY 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 POL
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Quota System The Italian Quota Syst
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203 ITALY The new immigration law a
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205 ITALY respite is one week from
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207 ITALY The main state-funded vol
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209 ITALY Sustainability of Return
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LATVIA 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 PO
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213 LATVIA “detention” as used
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215 LATVIA Comparable to the French
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217 LATVIA Chartered Flights Latvia
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219 LATVIA A refugee, who does not
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Operational Steps for Voluntary Ret
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NOTES 223 LATVIA 1. Section 2 of th
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NORWAY 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 PO
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277 NORWAY Lack of the necessary tr
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279 NORWAY The Immigration Director
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281 NORWAY tion database for finger
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283 NORWAY There is no specific leg
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285 NORWAY general repatriation ass
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Lessons Learned 1.4 BEST PRACTICES
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NOTES 289 NORWAY 1. Proposal to the
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PORTUGAL 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1
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307 PORTUGAL Is perceived as a thre
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309 PORTUGAL The 1994 Law on Provis
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311 PORTUGAL Beyond this generic as
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313 PORTUGAL Programme Services •
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NOTES 315 PORTUGAL 1. Decree Law Nu
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SLOVENIA 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1
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331 SLOVENIA The European Conventio
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333 SLOVENIA Instructions governing
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335 SLOVENIA most frequent problems
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2.3 BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEAR
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SPAIN 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 POL
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2001 and expected to run until 2004
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343 SPAIN centre for refugee minors
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345 SPAIN The Inter-ministerial Com
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2. ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN 347 SP
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Framework Agreements with Countries
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SWEDEN 1. INVOLUNTARY RETURN 1.1 PO
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353 SWEDEN enforcement, may refuse
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355 SWEDEN Swedish legislation make
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357 SWEDEN time after receiving the
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359 SWEDEN Prisons are only used fo
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2. ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN 361 SW
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363 SWEDEN In 2002, 116 people appl
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2.4 BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEAR
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NOTES 367 SWEDEN 1. Asylum Applicat
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