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Energetic Efficiency of Geothermal Resources
in the Republic of Macedonia
Based on current findings of geothermal potential in the
Republic of Macedonia, there has been made a try to evaluate
its real energetic value. In accordance with available technology
that can be use in out country and world wide.
Maximum available 240 MW illustrated perspective and
justification fro bigger investment in further investigations, but
at the same time there is realistic possibility to have an important
participation in the energetic balance of the Republic.
kWh In this presentation the basic data of energetic resources
in Macedonia will be showed. Current available capacities,
technical usage, the treatment by the legislative,
evaluation of the average prize for produced kWh in current
condition of financing and working.
I. INTRODUCTION
The hydro geothermal explorations in the Republic of
Macedonia intensively started to conduct after 1970, after
the first effects of the energy crisis. As a result of these explorations,
more than 50 springs mineral and thermo mineral
waters with a total yield of more than 1400 l/sec., were registered,
and proved exploration reservoirs of more than 1000
l/sec., with temperatures higher than the medium year seasons
hesitations for this part of the Earth in boundaries of 20
– 79°C, with significant quantities of geothermal energy.
Based on present “know-how” for the geothermal potential
of the Republic of Macedonia , a trial is made to estimate
its real energetic value in accordance with the available
technologies in Macedonia and the world.
This paper will shortly present the available hydro geothermal
resources in the Republic of Macedonia according
to the results of previous explorations with special respect to
the last few years. The next text will present short descriptions
of the hydro geothermal resources, the degree of exploration,
the prognosis dimensions of the hydro geothermal
systems and theirs reservoir environments dimensions
where the hydro geothermal fluids occur as well as the
quantity of geothermal energy.
Nowadays hydro geothermal resources are the only
commercially accepted sources of energy that contain warm
- hot water or steam, accumulated in cracked masses or porose
sediment structures in different depths from several
hundred to 4.000 meters.
Depending on the temperature and the dominate faze of
the fluid, hydro geothermal resources are categorized in
three groups: water with low temperature which is used to
hit housing and office blocks, green houses, thermal pumps
and in particular industrial processes; water with medium
This work was supported by COSMO Innovate Center under Improving
the managing with the environment
D. Nikolovski
temperature (to 140 that is used in industrial processes and
production on electrical energy used in binary cycle - units
which use as working fluid freons, known under abbreviation
ORC turbines; water with high temperature and dry
steam (which is used to produce electrical energy in turbine's
units, and from them 2/3's work in mild area (“flashing”).Underground
water from hydro geothermal reservoirs
can appear on the surface ground as artesian well (with its
own lifting power) or to be pumped using depth pumps.
When temperature is above 100, it expands and appears in
its own two phases - steam ("flashing").
II. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACE-
DONIA
A. Geological characteristics and tectonically location of
Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia is situated in the central par of
Balkan Peninsula and it has territory of 25.713 km2. Geotectonic
location of macedonian territory is determined by
its own geographic location. It belongs to alps-kavkazianhymalai
geosynclinal's belt and the generation history of the
ground is connected to ancient geosynclinal Tetis and Alp's
orogenesis, but in primary position of the original lithosphere
of these regions as well as the influence from
preAlp's orogenesis.
Generally, according to division of alp's orogen, the territory
of Macedonia belongs to two tectonic systems: the
western part of Macedonia included Povardarie, belongs to
Dinaridis (Helenidis), and on the other hand the eastern macedonian
mountain terrain and valley's depressions are segments
of the Serbian-Macedonian massive. Along the Bulgarian
border there is one particular zone, known as Kraistidna
zone that belongs to Karpat-Balkanidis.
B. Geothermal characteristics
According to the geothermal energy transmition, hydro
geothermal resources are divided into convective and conductive
hydro geothermal systems.
In the group of conducive hydro geothermal systems are
included system with dominant conductive transmition of
geothermal energy.
In this group of systems in Macedonia there are tertian
basins of Ovce Pole, Tikves, Delcevo-Pehcevo's basin, basins
in Skopje's, Strumica's, Gevgelija's, Polog's and
Pelagonija's valley. In the group of the convective hydro
geothermal systems dominates convective way of geothermal
energy transmition.
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