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On the territory of the RM the most important convective
hydro geothermal systems are: Skopje's Valley, Kocani's
Valley, Strumica's Valley, Gevgelija's Valley, Kezovica,
Toplik - Topli Dol on the Kozuf Mountain, Toplec near
Dojran, Proevci near Kumanovo, Strnovec, Zdravevci on
the Povisnica River near Kratovo, Sabotna Voda near Veles,
as well as dry systems in western Macedonia - Kosovraska
and Debarska's spas and Banice on the Pena River near Tetovo.
In the following text there will be given details of data
and parameters for more important hydro geothermal systems
in the RM. The location of the main geothermal fields
and their hydro geothermal systems which are at current
exploitation shown on this photo.
Fig. 1. Main geothermal fields in Macedonia (K. Popovski, E. Micevski,
2001)
III. ENERGETIC POTENTIAL OF THE RESOURCES
Total balance-sheet of geothermal exploitation reserves
in RM (state 2004) is 1.473 l/sec, registered on 17 more
important locations and complexes (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
Quantity of geothermal energy contained in hydro geothermal
systems is determined by many methods for determination
of geothermal potential. There are viewed more hydrogeoloic,
geologic and geothermal sizes that are more or less
defined or taken with certain proximities.
In the table below valorization is made of available hit
power of all exploitation geothermal resources in RM. The
total maximum available power of 173 MW is gained or
annual production capacity of 1.515.480 MWh/year/ effective
valorization of one geothermal resource is possible only
if there are available data for composition of its users.
Each one separately is causes temperature area for use
and possibilities to compose cascade chain for optimal use
of available temperature level. According to Lindal's diagram
which gives the areas used for proved technology and
direct application of geothermal energy recommends low
usage limit from 20, however, it has been proved that limit
from 15 is a real base for aquaculture (K. Popovski, 1995).
The quality influence is an illustrative technical solution
for heating capacity of concrete geothermal source. To reach
maximum use of one hydro geothermal system the normal
outlet temperature should be 15.
Unfortunately, applied technical solution by users in RM
give results with outlet temperatures in winter conditions
between 30 and 45, which automatically lowers heating ca-
pacity of geothermal resource to 30-50%.
TABLE 1
BALANCE-SHEET OF HYDROGEOTHERMICAL RESOURCES IN RM
(STATE 2004)
Hydro
geothermal
system
Locality
Temp.
(C°)
Yield
(l/sec.)
Exploitationreserves
(l/sec.)
IV. VALORIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
A. Use of geothermal energy
Use of geothermal energy in RM is long centuries tradition
in the domain of balneology, and there is 40-year old
tradition worming greenhouses complexes. So-called energetic
crisis in the 70 and 80's from the previous century
started the researches in the area of geology in order to find
out potential energetic resources as well as systems development
of low temperature geothermal water. There have
been performed many projects for heating greenhouses
complexes, drying agriculture products, heating administrative
and industrial objects, basins, preparing sanitary hot
water, industry use etc. In RM there are current7 geothermal
projects and 6 spa complexes where geothermal water is
used. All these geothermal projects started in the 80's in the
previous century, and spa complexes are dating from earlier
period. There are valid documents for the geothermal systems
(Kocani), Podlog Spa, Istibanja (Vinica), Bansko,
Gevgelija Valley etc.
B. Economic aspects (Comparative geothermal potential)
Macedonia use sources of energy like coal and river hydro
energy from domestic origin and important oil. Use of
sun energy is insignificant compared to the needs and possibilities
and use of natural gas in preparation phase, but it has
2
Heat
power
(MWt)
Skopje
Valley
Volkovo 25 60 20 2.10
Skopje
Valley
Katlanovo 50 20 15 10.45
Kumanovo
spa
Dupnatina 31 6 4 0.52
Strnovec ST-5, PEB 47 50 46 9.05
Zdravevci ZD-3,4,5,6 48 22 20 4.02
Dobrevo Borehole 28 12 8 0.94
Podlog
Kocani
Borehole 75 650 300 94.14
Istibanja-
Vinica
ID-3,4,5 68 73 73 20.78
Strumica
Valley
Bansko 70 82 50 14.65
Gevgelija
Valley
Negorci 50 100 80 16.74
Gevgelija
Valley
Smokvica 65 180 120 32.65
Dojran Toplec 28 28 10 1.17
Kozuf Toplik 21 2 2 0.18
Rakles Dupnatina 26 5 2 0.22
Veles Sabota v. 21 5 5 0.44
Stip Kezovica 57 8 7 1.67
Tetovo-
Pena R.
Baniche 30 10 10 1.26
Debar spa Baniste 50 120 100 16.74
Kosovraska
spa
Kosovrasti 48 100 60 12.05
Total ∑ 1473 933 239.92