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2) Production costs (running costs) – operational
costs, repair, land renting etc;
3) Costs of financing.
A. Investment costs
Typical structure of investment costs for a contemporary
wind-generator plant on land is depicted in Figure 1.
Costs of purchase and transport of wind-turbine,
including mast and connection equipment (ex –work costs)
Construction costs
- building road and telecommunications
infrastructure
- building works (foundation)
- connection to electric network
- other costs
Project development costs
- land
- measurements of wind parameters
- project documentation making
- insurance
- rate of interest in installation period
- administrative taxes
Fig 1. Typical costs structure for wind-plant construction
Costs structure in Figure 1 is based on experience of
Denmark and Germany in constructing smaller wind-plants
(power up to 8 MW) [1]. For specific projects, the share of
individual elements of capital costs can considerably differ
from typical values. Especially sensitive therein are the
costs of building the access road and electric network. The
access road must provide conveyance of the mast and windturbine,
as well as building machines (primarily crane) for
mounting the wind-generator. At some (mountain) sites, this
can be a limiting factor regarding size (installed power),
because for some sites it is impossible to provide an access
road for heavy trucks and building machines. Making a
wind-plant project, one should particularly consider the
vicinity and capacity of regional electric network. Sites near
the existing network significantly reduce the price of
connecting the wind-generator to electric energy system
(EES).
The structure of capital costs itself clearly indicates that
bigger wind-plants reduce specific costs (costs by installed
MW). Hence, to perform a precise analysis of construction
costs for a wind-generator plant, cognition of all relevant
parameters for specific location is required.
Purchase costs for a wind-turbine can be defined if windturbine
type and power are specified, as well as mast height
and means of transport. These costs can be expressed using
the specific price per 1m 2 of wind-turbine (k):
2
d π
ex − work costs
= k ⋅ ( ) [ Euro]
, (1)
4
where d represents the diameter of wind-turbine. The value
of specific costs (k) gently grows with the increase of windturbine
size, typically adhering to the characteristics given
in Figure 2, [3]. It should be mentioned that the diagram in
Figure 2 has been made according to experience in windturbines
sale during 1998. More recent wind-turbines have
remarkably lower specific costs (15 to 20%), while, due to
technological progress, minimum of specific costs has
moved towards greater wind-turbine surfaces (powers).
Fig. 2. Specific costs versus wind-turbine size
Ex-work costs comprise costs of purchase and transport of
wind-turbine (entire equipment with mast), i.e. all costs not
related to location.
B. Operational costs
As the wind energy is free of charge, production costs
refer to costs of regular services, repairs and insurance of
wind-generator. These costs may include land rent at the site
where wind-generators are installed. Operational costs
depend on wind conditions and usually are higher for
mountain sites, also increasing with wind-generator ageing.
These costs are usually taken into account as fixed annual
costs per produced kWh. Typical values of operational costs
for new wind-turbines (nominal power (0,5 ÷1,5) MW) are
(0,6 ÷1) Euro-cent /kWh. During exploitation, maintenance
and repair costs increase, so for turbines operating more
than 10 years operational costs amount about (1.5÷2) Eurocent
/kWh.
C. Costs of financing
Costs of financing depend on national credit policy in a
great deal. In countries of European Union, national
Governments use different subventions, beneficial credits
and tax privileges to stimulate investors in placing capital
into construction of wind-generators. Additionally, in
deregulated electric energy systems, such are the European,
wind-generators are being favored in electric energy market.
Such non-market principles are justified by present
2