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A. Financing Channels for RES Projects in Tibet
Qinghai-Tibet altiplano is the source of the main big
rivers of East Asia and South Asia. There are 365 rivers with
the total amount of water resources of more than 660 billion
m 3 . Due to the abundance of water resources in Tibet and its
high position, the theoretical hydropower resource reserves
are estimated close to 200 GW, the annual power generation
amount can reach 1,760 TWh, and the technically
exploitable hydro potential is estimated at 116 GW, about 30
% those of China [12].
Tibet is also in the leading position of geothermal
application in China. The total installed capacity of
geothermal power plants in Tibet is 28 MW. In Yang Bajing
power plant, the installed capacity is 25.18 MW. Besides
Yang Bajing geothermal field, there are three other proved
geothermal fields.
Tibet is one of the richest solar energy regions in the
world. The annual sunlight hours are between 1600-3400
hours. The number of days with more than 6 hours of
sunlight per day is between 275-330. The total annual
irradiance amount is 7 GJ/m2. West Tibet and North Tibet
locate in rich solar energy regions, occupying 2/3 of Tibet
area.
In the future years, hydropower, geothermal energy and
solar energy projects constitute the main renewable
construction projects of Tibet. The complex geological
features and difficult transport conditions for fossil fuel
increased the costs of conventional energy projects and
decreased the gap between the construction costs of RES
and conventional energy sources. This is why RES projects
have better opportunities in Tibet, [12].
For solar photovoltaic projects and wind power projects,
government investment is the main channel of financing for
Tibet. Because of its dispersed nature, wind power and
photovoltaic projects are more economical than construction
of diesel oil power plant and extending electricity grid.
There are a few banks and industry enterprises would like to
invest in such projects.
For geothermal thermal projects, biomass projects and
wind projects, the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)
should be introduced and used in Tibet. The geothermal
energy has been widely used for heating, vegetable growing,
recreational facilities, health protection and tourist industry.
Still, the market potentials for geothermal applications are
far from exhausted. Based on these applications, geothermal
CDM projects can be shaped and can get financial
investment from international markets.
Wind power projects and biomass projects in Tibet also
have a possibility to become CDM projects, because the
methodology for wind power generation project have been
approved by the Executive Board of United Nations.
Compare to other CDM project, wind projects can get
approved more easily, so China has considerable experience
with registration of wind CDM projects.
Tibet also has a lot of storage grain. The storage grain is
an ideal resource to covert into ethanol. This can provide
fuel for transportation and to substitute the petroleum
consumption in Tibet. China has mature techniques for grain
conversion to ethanol. This project can avoid CH4 emissions
from uncontrolled burning and decay of the storage grain.
Beside the storage grain, there are big lands in Tibet, which
can grow grain for energy purpose.
B. Financing Channels for RES Projects in Sichuan
Sichuan province is located in Sichuan basin of China. It
is a big province of China with rich natural resources and
large population. The total area is 485,000 km 2 , the
population in Sichuan province was 87.5 Million by the end
of 2005, which ranks the third biggest population province
of China. It is the biggest population province of WRC.
Sichuan province is the first province in China to practice
reform policy. The economy growth is fast, the annual GDP
growth was 8.8 % in “Ninth Five-Year-Period”. In year
2005, the GDP of Sichuan was 738.51 billion RMB, which
ranks the 9 th of main land of China and the 1 st of WRC.
Sichuan is a big energy production and consumption
province. Besides rich renewable energy resources, Sichuan
also has many coal resources, petroleum and natural gas
resources. The exploitable energy amount is 27.492 billion
tce. Among them, the hydropower energy is 8.57 GW,
covering about 22.63 % of total amount in China. Biomass
resources are abundant; there are 42.12 Million tons of straw
and stalks, firewood 11.89 Million tons, human and animal
waste 31.48 Million tons produced every year. Solar energy,
wind resources and geothermal resources are rich too. The
theoretical reserves of hydropower in Sichuan are 142.76
GW and the theoretical power generation amount is 1,250.6
TWh per year, the second biggest reserves in China (after
Tibet).
Hydropower resources of Sichuan are suitable for small
scale power stations below 25 MW. It was estimated that
there are 1600 sets of exportable small power stations. The
established Er Tan power station is the biggest hydropower
station of China constructed in 20 th century with the installed
capacity of 3.30 GW.Up to now, only 10 % of total
hydropower resources have been exploited, far below the
average utilization level of China.
Wind resources are distributed in West Altiplano
Mountain area, influenced by monsoon of Qinghai-Tibet
Altiplano and monsoon of East Asia. Part of the Altiplano
regions of Ganzi state and Liangshan state of Sichuan are
wind utilization region. The annual effective wind density is
more than 100W/m 2 , the annual number of utilization hours
is between 3000-5000 hours.
Firewood is the conventional energy in the rural place of
Sichuan province. The total exploitable potential of
firewood is 12.03 Million tons, equivalent to 6.97 Mtce.
Straw and stalks are mainly distributed in Sichuan basin and
hill region, the theoretical reserve is 51.22 Million tons,
equivalent to 25.00 Mtce, with the exploitable amount of
24.20 Mtce.
Usually, the human and animal waste in rural of Sichuan
is used as fertilizer; only in pasturing area, it is directly used
as fuel. The theoretical reserve of excrements of human and
animal waste in Sichuan is 47 Million tons, which equivalent
to 22.35 Mtce, with the exploitable amount of 14.50 Mtce.
While Sichuan has rich geothermal resources, the
geothermal resources are distributed widely, but not evenly.
According to statistical data, the utilized geothermal
resources amount to 30 % of total geothermal resources. It is
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