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Electricity from renewable sources - a new opportunity for companies from SEE Abstract – Modern society is facing rapid electricity demand growth. Environmental problems are part of almost all serious discussions regarding electricity. Import dependency of European countries is rising, too. One of the solutions is to provide incentives to the use of electricity produced from renewable sources (RES-E). Electricity produced from renewables has many well known advantages. Countries from South Eastern Europe (SEE) have opportunity to become more active in the green certificate market. Tradable green certificates and Guarantees of Origin are well known and are used all over the EU. Tradable green certificates are commercially based confirmation papers which are agreed between parties. Guarantees of Origin are part of EU legislation and they are recognized in all member states. Index Terms—Tradable green certificates, RECS certificates, Guarantees of Origin, Renewable sources, South- Eastern Europe E I. INTRODUCTION NERGY consumption is increasing with the development of society, despite essential improvement of technological procedures and efficiency measures. The development brings us new energy consuming devices which are accessible to an increasing number of customers. Increasing of electricity demand requires new production facilities in the whole system. The biggest negative influence on environment occurs at the electricity production side. Renewable sources (RES) are the best known solution for electricity production with minimum influence on environment. European directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market [1] requires from all member states to prepare their action plans on promotion of electricity from RES (RES-E). The directive also brings a clear definition which energy sources may be treated as renewable. In a fully liberalized market electricity from RES is often uncompetitive, mostly because of high production prices. Nevertheless, the EU countries are trying to achieve higher share of electricity produced from RES, as required by the Electricity from renewable sources – a new opportunity for companies from SEE A Špec, Energy Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Strossmayerjeva ulica 30, P. O. Box. 1579, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (e-mail: andrej.spec@agen-rs.si). G Škerbinek, Energy Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Strossmayerjeva ulica 30, P. O. Box. 1579, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (e-mail: gorazd.skerbinek@agen-rs.si). A. Špec, G. Škerbinek Directive [1]. To achieve this, they are using different types of support mechanisms. Well known and used are feed-in tariffs, tenders, quota obligations and fiscal incentives. With tradable green certificates (TGCs) and guaranties of origin (GoOs), producers provide evidences that electricity was really produced from RES. The addition value of RES- E due to environmentally friendly production is formed on the certificate market. Certificate markets are a big opportunity for countries from South Eastern Europe (SEE), because they have a large potential for electricity production from RES. II. TRADABLE GREEN CERTIFICATES AND GUARANTIES OF ORIGIN One of the most interesting tools for stimulating RES-E are tradable green certificates. A TGC represent an additional value of electricity due to its production in an environmentally friendlier way in comparison with the conventional way of production. This additional value can be traded in the certificate market. A. Tradable Green Certificates and Certificate Market A TGC represents an evidence that electricity was produced from RES. TGCs by themselves do not represent incentive for the use of RES-E. They should only be considered as a tool for achieving a transparent support system. Some possibilities of their use in supporting RES-E are given in the next chapter. The main idea in TGCs is that the added value they represent is traded in a separate certificate market that is fully independent from the electricity market. This concept is shown illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Certificate and electricity market From the illustration it is evident that electricity and certificates representing environmental benefits are fully separated and traded separately. At the end of the supply chain they should both end up at customers to satisfy their energy needs (electricity) and environmental requirements (certificates). 1
B. RECS Certificates The best known TGCs are RECS (Renewable Energy Certificate System) certificates. RECS is a well organised certificate system with participants from 20 countries from Europe and other continents. The main characteristic of the system is that it contains many instruments for preventing any forms of fraud, such as multiple issuing, multiple selling or multiple counting of certificates. Certificates of this system are also widely recognised in many countries, especially in Europe. The system was set up on the basis of idea that arose during the REALM workshop in 1998 in the <strong>Net</strong>herlands. The main initiators of the project of establishing RECS system were market players who saw their commercial opportunity in selling additional value of RES-E to the interested customers. In 2001 the system started its trial operation. It has been in normal commercial operation since the beginning of 2002. The RECS system is organised regionally in domains with the main rules of the system being the same for all domains. Domains in most cases correspond with the borders of independent states, although it is not necessary. The main organisation in a certain domain is the Issuing Body (IB). It is an independent organisation that issues certificates and takes care of the whole RECS system in its domain. Issuing Bodies are usually TSOs, regulatory authorities or some other organisations independent from generation, trade and supply of electricity. IB also names some important supporting agents in the system, such as Production Registrars and Auditing Body. It is also responsible for setting up the Central Registration Database (CRD) of certificates. Having a central register of certificates is one of the basic prerequisites for prevention of multiple issuing and multiple selling of certificates. A RECS certificate is in fact nothing but an adequate electronic record in the CRD. The IB is obliged to specify all the domain specific features of RECS system in the document entitled Domain Protocol. A RES-E generator who wishes to request issuing of RECS certificates for its generated electricity has to fulfil some basic requirements. Firstly, the generator has to fill-in Renewable Energy Declaration (RED), which includes some basic information about the RES-E production device. This declaration should be verified by the Production Registrar, who during a site visits checks the authenticity of the data from the RED. After this the verified RED data are entered into the CRD. Every producer who wishes to the data on the production devices into the database also has to pay an annual fee for the use of the database. The producer who fulfils all the above conditions can request issuing of RECS certificates for electricity generated in the past period. This period is in principle the previous month, although it is possible to issue certificates for all electricity that has been generated since the date of verification of RED. Certificates are issued on the basis of readings of meters that measure generation of production devices. The correctness of meter readings sent to the IB is regularly checked by the Auditing Body. The certificates are issued in a standard form; each certificate represents 1 MWh of electricity generated from renewable sources. Issuing of RECS certificates in fact means entering the adequate number of issued certificates into the CRD. The producer also pays for issuing of each certificate on the basis of the published tariff. The producer, to whom RECS certificates have been issued, can sell them to any interested party. Each transfer of ownership should be confirmed by the IB, which transfers the certificates in the CRG from the seller's to the buyer's account. This transfer can also be done between CRDs of different domains with different IBs. When the final buyer wishes to use the certificate, for instance for meeting the RES-E quota obligation, the certificate is redeemed and thus used. After the redemption it is impossible to use the certificate for any more purposes. The redemption of certificates is also confirmed by the IB who transfers redeemed certificates into the register of redeemed certificates in the database from where it is impossible to move them to any other account in the CRD of its own domain of to any other CRD. The participants in the RECS system are active in two separate international organisations. Traders and other stakeholders are members of the organisation RECS International. All Issuing Bodies of the RECS system are members of the Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB). Both organisations closely co-operate in further developing not only the RECS system but also other forms of electricity certification. AIB is also responsible for laying down the main rules of the RECS system, which are brought by the document called PRO (Principles and Rules of Operation) [2]. The General Meeting of AIB must also approve each Domain Protocol before it comes into force. RECS system has been operating in Slovenia since 2004 with the Energy Agency acting as Issuing Body. C. Guaranties of Origin (GoO) Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market [1] requires from member states to establish a system of Guarantees of Origin (GoO) for electricity produced from RES. The directive itself does not bring many requested details the system of GoO in the EU Member States must fulfil. The directive does not require central database of GoOs, neither does it require MS to introduce redeeming of GoOs. From the directive text it is even unclear whether GoOs should be electronic or paper documents. The only fact, which was found very confusing when the EU Member States started to design their own GoO system, was the explicit request that GoOs should be clearly distinguished from TGCs. The Directive only requires that GoOs should contain information on energy source from which electricity was produced, date of production and in case of hydroelectric installations, their capacity. The directive also doesn't say anything about measures to prevent fraudulent behaviour of market players. But it does require that GoOs should be mutually recognised by all EU Member States. In spite of very ambiguous definition of the Directive many EU Member States introduced GoO systems that contain most of advantages of RECS system. These advantages include Central Registration Database and redemption of GoOs. Such systems have been introduced 2
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Paper Session 6 thBALKAN POWER CONF
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6 thBALKAN POWER CONFERENCE Panel S
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- WAYS TO MINIMIZE THE GREENHOUSE G
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BPC 2006 INTRODUCTION • The inter
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CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING - A NEW WE
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CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING - A NEW WE
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PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES
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NUCLEAR POWER - NOT ONLY AN OPTION,
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ROMANIAN APPROACH BPC 2006 • In 2
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ROMANIAN APPROACH BPC 2006 The tren
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ROMANIAN APPROACH BPC 2006 • The
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ROMANIAN APPROACH BPC 2006 • Anot
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CONCLUSIONS BPC 2006 • We conside
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ioan.manicuta@opcom.ro
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kategorizicija na hidrogeotermalnit
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konduktivni hidrogeotermalni sistem
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Glavni geotermalni poliwa vo Makedo
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metodi za odreduvawe na geotermalni
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U~estvo na poedine~ni energenti vo
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PREPORAKI so relativno mali vlo`uv
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6th Balkan Power Conference Romania
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Electricity are traded separately f
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Support system for E-RES E RES Fixe
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Central Central Command Command and
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Centralized Green Certificates Mark
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Thank you for your attention Ghergh
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ABSTRACT Biomass is one of the very
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INTRODUCTION -Biogas is a mixture o
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BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND BIOGAS When b
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BIOGAS AS RENEWABLE SOURCE IN ISOLA
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Renewable Energy in Western Region
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Renewable Energy in China • China
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Western Region of China • The pot
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WRC : Area and Population • The t
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Geographical Conditions of WRC •
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Renewable Potentials: Hydro Power
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Wind Energy • China has rich wind
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Geothermal Power Generation in Tibe
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Barriers to RES Development in Chin
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Financing Problems • Due to low e
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Financing of RES Projects in Tibet
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Wind and Biomass Projects • Compa
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The geothermal energy • Market po
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Introduction • Croatia, now for a
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Solar and wind power a) b) c) d) Un
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Biomass, hydro and geothermal energ
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Conclusion The DEG based on RES in
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ADEG database Thank you for you att
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Presentation outline 1. Guarantees
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Life Cycle of a TGC 1. 2. 3. ISSUE
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RELATION BETEEN RECS AND GoO • Go
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Use of TGCs and GoOs • Green elec
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Introduction of RECS in SEE Option
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Contact information Energy Agency o
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Fig 1. Principal met station locati
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Map around Banatski Karlovac met st
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Wind mast data 40 m Weibull fit Com
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Table II Predicted Deliblatska Peš
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Table IV Predicted wind at Deliblat
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a) measured by mast sensor b) Predi
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It was found that rounded-off hourl
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c The possibility of wind climate p
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Wind rose and Weibull velocity dist
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Future eco house will consists of t
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The electric load of Rošijana hous
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Water pump 1 2000 2000 00-24 0.5 10
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P [kW] 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
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E [kWh/day] E [kWh/month] January 2
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- In accordance to power demands sh
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Grid type - Isolated-grid Peak load
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House and power source (wind genera
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Contribution to development of urba
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Potential for PV application in the
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Additional/alternative inland locat
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Lokacija: selo Bušević Available
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Lokacija: selo Bušević Energy (kW
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Cijena PV sistema (za osnovne potre
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FP6 Project RISE (Renewables for Is
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Estimation of Costs for Implementat
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Introduction • Preliminary estima
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Photovoltaic Project Analysis Model
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Load identification Load (kW) 3,5 3
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Description of the PV system • Mo
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Cost analysis and financial summary
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Cost analysis and financial summary
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6 Economic and Environmental evalua
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I. Introduction • Average solar r
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II Study case (performed under the
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Hourly Distribution of Global Solar
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Storage and BOS Characteristics Sto
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D. Economical Evaluation Annual Ene
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E. Environmental Evaluation GHG Red
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• On the other hand, such system
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FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF WIND-PLANT
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TYPICAL COSTS STRUCTURE FOR SMALL W
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WIND-PLANT ECONOMY available wind
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Location and orografy given by a sa
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Wind potential and wind rose estima
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Following input data are specified
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SUMMARY • Target location has a g
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Introduction Over the last ten year
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Introduction In Macedonia there is
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Wind Maps The Atlas is consisting o
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Site selection General site data 25
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Site 7 - Kozuf Mountain has greates
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Site 16 - Sasavarlija, Stip the sit
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Measurement Campaign The objective
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Data processing All sensors are sam
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RES: Investments Opportunities & Re
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PANEL SESSION: RES: Investments and
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Electricity from Solar - Croatia: P
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Renewables now make 20-25% of globa
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CROATIA - Current situation in Powe
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% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1988. 1
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This gloomy situation with RES in C
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Comparison of politics in Europe re
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In process of acceptance: Grid Code
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In the procedure for acceptance: Se
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Example of Austria regarding % of i
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Croatian Policy Goals Minimum share
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Arguments for Optimism for Croatia:
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Contents Introduction Effects of
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Effects on power system Wind power
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Power quality The location and int
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Power system dynamics If conventio
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Wind forecasting Wind forecasting
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Future research 1. Varying amounts
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International RES Seminar "Promotin
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1. Introduction • RES technologie
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Economic and environmental evaluati
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Reference option: Lignite fueled po
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2.2. Wind power plant General input
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Costs in Reduction Reference Increa
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RES technology Geotherm. heat. Econ
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4. Limiting barriers to RES impleme
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4.3 Required infrastructure • Lac
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Nevertheless, contributing to susta
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Table
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. HEP G
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. HEP G
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Legis
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Trend
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Key I
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Renew
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Distr
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Zagre
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Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. Zagre
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Gorazd Škerbinek REGULATORY FRAMEW
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RES-E in the Balkans • High poten
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JI/CDM opportunities in the West Ba
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Introduction How can Annex-1 countr
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JI and CDM: principle Investor Coun
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Basic requirements for JI/CDM Emis
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Status of the Kyoto Protocol ratifi
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Sucessful examples of JI/CDM in sel
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JI/CDM Opportunities in West Balkan
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© Dr I. N. Tzortzis Renewable Ener
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2. The aims To introduce the ideas
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4. The main provisions II The prel
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Technology Licenses for use (MW) 6.
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momentum and energy, as well as the
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After the site screening was comple
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