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find its niche most easily for users that will produce
electricity for their needs and for users located in remote
rural areas where there is no electricity network or the
network capacity is insufficient (off-grid applications). The
users (most likely small companies) that produce heat and/or
electric energy for itself (like agriculture, wood and food
processing industry) thus could control and reduce their
costs of energy and achieve some sort of energy
independence (e.g. applying cogeneration plant that uses
biomass). They could also be grid-connected, islanded (offgrid)
or embedded (in which case the extra generation could
be sold to retailer). Examples of potential application of
DEG based on RES in Croatia include: Hotels and
apartment houses, restaurants, auto-camps, nautical marinas,
sports and entertainment centers, mountain houses/chalets,
also some facilities in rural and hunting tourism - in general
all tourist facilities that are situated in remote isolated areas
on islands and in mountains where there is no possibility of
network connection or it would be too expensive to connect
it or it is not permitted by environmental laws (e.g. in
national parks and nature reserves); Cooling facilities for
temporary storage of fish, meat etc., field ambulances (for
electrical medical appliances and cooling of medicines),
electrical fences for livestock ranching, autonomous
electrical livestock/game feeders and water-troughs, for
lightning and operation of agricultural facilities, hatcheries;
Irrigation in deltas of rivers, water desalinization on islands;
Telecommunication (base) stations, meteorological stations,
lighthouses, road signs, public lightning, different
autonomous monitoring systems (pollutant emission
monitoring, forest fire protection, technical protection of
individual facilities etc.); Households (permanent and
weekend settlements) in isolated and rural areas
(mountainous and coastal/island regions); Saw mills situated
near small rivers where power from small hydro power
plants could be produced; Hybrid combination of solar
systems or wind turbines with LPG or diesel aggregates
could help solve the problem of energy infrastructure on
islands and other remote locations (region of Adriatic
Croatia). Moreover, that could start development of
traditional island activities with the engagement of local
resources and workforce in accordance with the strategic
development of Croatian islands [12]-[14], which in turn
could result in slowdown of islands depopulation.
From all DEG systems based on RES analyzed as the
most profitable ones show, now already technologically
mature, wind power systems that are becoming
commercially profitable in Croatia (particularly the big wind
power plants with new feed-in tariffs) and also the biomass
power plants. Comparison of the RES cost-supply curve
with present situation shows that in 2010 more energy
capability will be available at lower costs. Excluding the big
centralized hydro power plants, the prevailing RES type in
2010 will be wind and biomass power. Despite having
higher initial (capital) costs then wind power plants,
biomass plants exhibit comparable energy supply costs.
Further one, the power production from the biomass should
be examined in wider social context of encouraging local
employment and development of local business activities,
particularly in rural areas, which finally contributes to their
sustainable development.
If the external costs connected with global climate
change and local pollution are included into electricity costs
from conventional sources, which could reach almost 5.4
c€/kWh (for coal power plants, externalities included [15]-
[16]), than the production of electricity from renewable
sources becomes quite attractive because the utilization of
these resources could help Croatia to fulfill Kyoto Protocol
requirements, with the condition that the adequate
incentives are provided. The annual energy supply of 1281
GWh from RES in 2010 (excluding the big hydro power
plants) is also in concordance with the energy strategy of
Republic of Croatia, where it is suggested that the minimal
share of total electricity consumption coming from RES in
2010 should be 5.8% (or 1100 GWh/a).
V. REFERENCES
[1] B. Vuk et al, "Energy in Croatia" - Annual Energy Report, Ministry of
Economy, Republic of Croatia. Zagreb, 2004.
[2] D. R. Schneider, N. Duić, Ž. Bogdan, B. Grubor, P. Stefanović, A.
Lekić, N. Delalić, et al. "Map of DEG potential in WB", Deliverable
1, Advanced Decentralized Energy Generation Systems in Western
Balkans (ADEG), 2005. Available: http://powerlab.fsb.hr/adeg/
[3] B. Hrastnik et al, SUNEN- solar energy utilisation program (national
energy program). Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 1998.
[4] B. Hrastnik et al, SUNEN - solar energy utilisation program – new
advances and implementation (national energy program). Zagreb:
Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 2001.
[5] L. Horvath et al, ENWIND - wind energy utilization program
(national energy program). Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar",
1998.
[6] L. Horvath et al, ENWIND - wind energy utilization program – new
advances and implementation (national energy program). Zagreb:
Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 2001.
[7] Plan and Program 2005-2008. Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund. Zagreb, Croatia. Available: www.fzoeu.hr
[8] J. Domac et al, BIOEN - biomass and waste (national energy
program). Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 1998.
[9] "Basic Data 2003". Zagreb: Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, Public Relation
Sector, data by HNOSIT, 2004.
[10] "Electricity Data 2003". Zagreb: Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, Public
Relation Sector, data by HNOSIT, Zagreb, 2004.
[11] M. Bošnjak et al, GEOEN - geothermal energy utilization program
(national energy program). Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar",
1998.
[12] CROTOK - energy development of islands (national energy program).
Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 2000.
[13] M. Macan, National Island Development Program. Republic of
Croatia, Ministry of Development and Reconstruction. Zagreb, 1997.
[14] Report on energy system and waste management on Croatian islands.
Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 1998.
[15] Cost benefit analysis for renewable energy in Croatia. A report
prepared for HBOR and WorldBank/GEF. Final report. London:
Frontier Economics, 2003.
[16] L. Horvath, Z. Matić, V. Šegon, B. Jelavić. National energy programs
– final report. Zagreb: Energy Institute "Hrvoje Požar", 2004.
VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Daniel R. Schneider was born in 1967 in Zagreb, Croatia. He graduated
from the Mechanical Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Naval Architecture (FAMENA), University of Zagreb in 1993, and
studied as postgraduate at FAMENA and Imperial College (UK). In 1993
he became a research assistant at the Power Engineering Department of
FAMENA. Dr.sc. Schneider defended his PhD thesis in 2002 at FAMENA.
In 2003 he was promoted to an Assistant Professor. He lectures at
undergraduate and doctoral study at FAMENA and also at postgraduate
study „Sustainable Energy Engineering“ – International Master of Science
Programme (FAMENA & KTH, Sweden). He is involved in many EU
projects in the framework of programs as LIFE; FP6 etc. He is an author or
co-author of 34 published papers.
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