Housing Counseling Process Evaluation and Design of ... - HUD User

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Our estimate includes all types of education and counseling. Our average hours of time spent per client (5.9) is below the low-end of the range assumed by Collins and Baker since our estimate includes all types of education and counseling, not just pre-purchase, and many other types of housing education and counseling are less time intensive (see Chapter 6 for information on average hours of services by type of client). Thus, our average of $431 is roughly in keeping with Collins and Baker given the somewhat less intensive level of services in our analysis. It is also important to bear in mind that the estimate by Collins and Baker is for what might best be described as an ideal method for providing these services, while our data represents that average experience across all agencies in an environment of constrained funding. To examine how average costs per client vary with agency characteristics, we estimated a simple regression model that included indicators of each agency’s total clients, client specialization, and agency mission type, using the categories presented for each of these variables in Chapter 3. 32 In addition, we also included an estimate of the average hours of staff time spent per client. The estimate of staff time per client was based on survey responses indicating the amount of time devoted to a typical client for each type of counseling service including time spent in workshops, in one-onone counseling, and in case management. (Case management refers to activities conducted when the client is not present, including scheduling meetings, recording data, conducting follow up, and advocating with other organizations on the clients’ behalf.) Since agencies reported the number of hours spent on each client by the type of education or counseling received, we estimated a single weighted-average time spent per client by using the number of clients receiving each type of education and counseling as weights. Hours spent in workshops were divided by 10 on the assumption that the average workshop included 10 participants. 33 The regression model provides an estimate of how much average per client costs vary with each of these agency characteristics. These estimates are presented in Exhibit 5-12. The most important factor in explaining variations in per client costs is agency size. While agencies serving fewer than 150 clients a year averaging $464 per client, as client volumes increase per client costs steadily decline, averaging only $250 for agencies serving between 500 and 999 clients per year, and as low as $133 for the largest agencies serving 5,000 or more clients per year. This result suggests that there are some efficiencies to larger scale counseling operations. Average costs also vary with the number of staff hours spent per client, ranging from $244 per client for agencies that average fewer than 2.5 hours per client to $354 per client for those that average more than 8 hours per client. These estimates, however, are fairly crude given the available information. While the average agency has as average hourly cost implied by these figures of $88 per hour, which seems reasonable given staff and overhead expenses, the range of hourly costs is enormous. At the 32 33 The sample used in the regression model excluded 13 observations that were missing information on hours spent per client as well as 55 observations that had extreme values for either total cost per client (greater than $1,600) or total average hours per client (greater than 50). We did not have any systematic information on average workshop attendance to inform this assumption, but rather based this assumption on our experience in observing workshops in the past. The average of 10 allows for a range of participation from a small number of participants to class sizes in the 20s. In any event, the results were only slightly affected by changes in this assumption to allow for 20 participants on average in workshops. Chapter 5. Sources of Agency Funding and Costs of Providing Service 73
low end, 5 percent of agencies have average hourly costs of under $5 while at the high end 5 percent of agencies have average hourly costs that exceed $270. Exhibit 5-12. Variations in Average Cost Per Client by Agency Characteristics TOTAL CLIENTS:
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2 0 0 8 R e p o r t The State of th
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The State of the Housing Counseling
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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List of Exhibits Exhibit 1-1. Exhib
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Exhibit 5-9. Exhibit 5-10. Exhibit
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Exhibit 8-10. Exhibit 8-11. Exhibit
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channeled through NeighborWorks ®
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How is housing counseling funded an
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counseling services from HUD-approv
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Current Challenges Facing the Indus
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standards are sufficient. Support f
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Ideally, intermediaries, SHFAs, and
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Chapter One. Introduction In 2007 3
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Exhibit 1-1. Topic Study Topics and
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Grant Applications Data The final s
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helping clients evaluate whether to
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Section 221 and 235 programs, that
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clients nearly doubled each year. A
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associated with increases in overal
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This last point highlights the fact
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Exhibit 2-6. Intermediaries and SHF
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Exhibit 2-8 maps the location of ea
Page 49 and 50: Key Challenges for the Industry The
Page 52 and 53: Chapter Three. Characteristics of C
Page 54 and 55: credit counseling responded to the
Page 56 and 57: Exhibit 3-4. Counseling Specializat
Page 58 and 59: Exhibit 3-6. Services Offered by HU
Page 60 and 61: Age of Organization and Housing Cou
Page 62 and 63: Agency Size Most housing counseling
Page 64 and 65: Exhibit 3-13. Distribution of the N
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3. Characteristics of Couns
Page 68 and 69: Chapter Four. Intermediaries and St
Page 70 and 71: Organization Name Organization Type
Page 72 and 73: Exhibit 4-2. SHFAs Receiving HUD Ho
Page 74 and 75: Exhibit 4-3. Percent of LHCAs Recei
Page 76 and 77: National Credit Union Foundation (N
Page 78 and 79: Several organizations commented tha
Page 80 and 81: Exhibit 4-6. National Certification
Page 82 and 83: SHFAs provide some type of curricul
Page 84 and 85: allow counseling agencies to accept
Page 86 and 87: Chapter Five. Sources of Agency Fun
Page 88 and 89: Exhibit 5-1. Share of Total Funding
Page 90 and 91: Not surprisingly, the number of sou
Page 92 and 93: The next most common types of fundi
Page 94 and 95: Exhibit 5-7. Prevalence of Primary
Page 96 and 97: HUD’s strategy of spreading its a
Page 98 and 99: amount of available funding decline
Page 102 and 103: specialized training required for t
Page 104 and 105: Chapter Six. Characteristics of Edu
Page 106 and 107: the client with lenders. The follow
Page 108 and 109: approaches are identified as using
Page 110 and 111: Exhibit 6-4. Share of Clients by Ho
Page 112 and 113: while 24 percent conduct an informa
Page 114 and 115: financial literacy curriculum, focu
Page 116 and 117: Counseling to Resolve Mortgage Deli
Page 118 and 119: Exhibit 6-11. Share of Delinquency
Page 120 and 121: Forms of Assistance for Mortgage De
Page 122: counseling, and 20 percent have no
Page 125 and 126: “Funds for administrative respons
Page 127 and 128: Characteristics of Counseling Clien
Page 129 and 130: With respect to ethnicity, 19 perce
Page 131 and 132: Exhibit 7-7. Income Distribution of
Page 133 and 134: Exhibit 7-9. Percent of Agencies wh
Page 135 and 136: who purchased homes. Some agencies
Page 137 and 138: • Clients seeking pre-purchase ho
Page 139 and 140: Exhibit 7-12. Outcomes for Clients
Page 141 and 142: Exhibit 7-13. Outcomes for Clients
Page 143 and 144: engaged in counseling at the time o
Page 145 and 146: To some extent, agencies with diffe
Page 147 and 148: ace, and 6 percent are two or more
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Chapter Eight. Characteristics of H
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Combining the counseling agency sur
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Exhibit 8-6. Race and Ethnicity of
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Exhibit 8-8. Educational Attainment
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Exhibit 8-10. Main Sources of Train
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scholarships, but primarily to its
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Exhibit 8-12. Significance of Staff
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The open-ended responses to the sur
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share of counselors with four-year
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NeighborWorks® foreclosure mitigat
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Although these changes have allowed
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Standardizing the Quality of Counse
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national counseling standards shoul
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Exhibit 9-2 shows the percent of ag
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discourage smaller agencies from pa
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communication between counselor and
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Increasing Funding for Housing Coun
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Of the 60 intermediaries and SHFAs
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Some of the ways that HUD could sup
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agencies who serve younger clients
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Exhibit A-1. List of Organizations
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Appendix B. Survey of HUD-Approved
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Survey Response Rate The survey fie
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Exhibit B-2. Response Rate by Agenc
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Survey of HUD-Approved Housing Coun
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Contact Information Please complete
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Homebuyer education workshops Post
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6. How many years has your organiza
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10. How many part-time employees ar
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Title/Position Percentage of time s
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PROGRAMMING NOTES: • PROGRAM SO T
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Section C. Organizational Relations
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Organization American Association o
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SOURCE OF FUNDING Foundations Natio
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Education or Counseling Service Pro
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30. What, if any, follow-up (by “
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PROGRAMMING NOTE: PROGRAM SO THAT Q
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38. Of your clients seeking counsel
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42. How problematic are the followi
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PROGRAMMING NOTES: • SHOW ALL SUR
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