SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGE - Institute for ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

extended by the clients, thus providing the patronised household an assured labour in times of need. On the other hand, the labourers avail the benefit of loan advances from Land-owners though on a smaller scale. Mainly females and children constitute this type of labour. Apart from these two types of casual labourers, there are also permanent casual labourers in rare cases, involving a patron-client relationship. Such labourers also resort to loan-advances from Landowner though on a smaller scale. Only the males become such labourers. This type of labour has got the freedom of absenteeism with prior knowledge of the landlord and also enjoys a work assurance. Their wage rate, however, is less by 20 or 25 per cent than that of other daily wage labourers. Contract Labour: Contract implies an agreement, along with a lump-sum remuneration. In most of the cases of contract labour, an amount of advance is resorted to, at the beginning of a work. The contract labour itself is further classified into pennanent contract labour and task contract labour. Permanent contract labour is an attached labour involving a patron-client relationship. In local term, this type of labour is known as ·pannaiyal'. J.P. Mencher (1975: 249; 1970: 1189) uses the term 'permanent attached labour' or 'permanent farm labour' to refer to this type of labour. G K Karanth (1995: 128) in his labour typology, refers to this type of labour as 'bonded labour' but outside the wage labour category. These are permanent workers, 'usually hired on a yearly basis ... against the risk of not finding an assured supply of labour during the seasonal peaks of agricultural production' (Muqtada and Mustafa 124
1986: ~~). Only the males are involved in such type of labour. In this form of labour, the person involved orally agrees to a monthly pay of a fixed amount. Besides this, he generally takes an advance when he joins the contract. and again whenever he feels a financial constraint during his tenure of contract. The advanced amount is either deducted from monthly wage by differential installments or could be repaid whenever he leaves a particular Land-owner. The labourer is given about 3 days of leave in a month. If the leave exceed5 three days, salary is deducted accordingly If one is not inclined to continue with the present patron he could leave him v.ithout any difficulty, provided he informs him one month in advance and returns the advanced money. Generally, when one finds a better scope for his labour with another patron, he returns the advance by taking another advance from the new patron .. The major advantage that is perceived in this type of labour is that one could look for the patron to get some loan whenever the client is in need of it. Besides this, the labourers enjoy some informal favours at the pleasure of the patron. These include procuring some vegetables and coconuts for domestic use, enjoying the hospitality of the patrons on special occasions, etc. On the other hand, the patron enjoys a say in the conduct of the labourer. Sometimes the patron is approached for family counselling and to settle the domestic and neighbourly disputes pertaining to the labourer, at the family as well as at the village level. However, it should be noted that the intensity of these favours and of the patronising varies from person to person. Moreover, not all landless labourers show an interest to become such labourers. This is because, in spite of the work-security and the fringe benefits that are available to such labourers, they 'resent the element of servitude that it entails' 125
Page 1 and 2:
SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHA
Page 3 and 4:
DECLARATION I hereby declare that t
Page 5 and 6:
would also like to thank my friend
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Socio-cultur
Page 11 and 12:
new International economic order. I
Page 13 and 14:
to the rural society, in particular
Page 15 and 16:
instance, is reported to have been
Page 17 and 18:
Industrialisation and greater emplo
Page 19 and 20:
means of economic survival (1970:12
Page 21 and 22:
to a region of small geographical a
Page 23 and 24:
people's attitudes towards Communit
Page 25 and 26:
dislocations. In his opmlOn, the pr
Page 27 and 28:
year has made it a hot favourite of
Page 29 and 30:
to social significance of sericub.I
Page 31 and 32:
to the adoption of sericulture may
Page 33 and 34:
As discussed earlier, any new techn
Page 35 and 36:
3. To study the impact of sericultu
Page 37 and 38:
framework as 'matro family'. If it
Page 39 and 40:
The relation could be called a symm
Page 41 and 42:
enough to accept change and respons
Page 43 and 44:
upon the institutions. The study on
Page 45 and 46:
and presenting the significance and
Page 47 and 48:
CHAPTER II THE FIELD AND THE PEOPLE
Page 49 and 50:
TAMIL NADlJ Map No_ 2_2 ~ .... , i
Page 51 and 52:
Sericulture. The present study vill
Page 53 and 54:
Table No. 2.1: Per cent Dis(ributio
Page 55 and 56:
Table No. 2.2: Distribution of Hous
Page 57 and 58:
Table No. 2.3: Per cent Distributio
Page 59 and 60:
Literacy and Education: Table 2.4 p
Page 61 and 62:
'convent school' in the village its
Page 63 and 64:
pollution, the sefYlce of the women
Page 65 and 66:
Appendix II provides some of the so
Page 67 and 68:
two and three, where there is a gre
Page 69 and 70:
hesitation. As far as girls are con
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTERm LAND AND ECONO~IIC DIVERSI
Page 73 and 74:
Agriculture lands work out to be ne
Page 75 and 76:
Cotton was the predominant crop in
Page 77 and 78:
These are mainly rain-fed lands and
Page 79 and 80:
Table No. 3.1: Activity Profile and
Page 81 and 82: one as it lacks any visible product
Page 83 and 84: production along with meeting any o
Page 85 and 86: Table No. 3.2: Sources of Household
Page 87 and 88: economies of the village, it is any
Page 89 and 90: considerations are developed within
Page 91 and 92: diseases. Some people prefer chawki
Page 93 and 94: with other related agencies and fel
Page 95 and 96: m the village. The fourth phase, co
Page 97 and 98: communities except the Vanniars. Wh
Page 99 and 100: the large farmers, sericulture may
Page 101 and 102: Table No. 4.4: Activity PronIe of S
Page 103 and 104: Table No. 4.5: Intensity ofSericult
Page 105 and 106: indication in the activity profile
Page 107 and 108: Table No. 4.61 Land Size, Scale and
Page 109 and 110: productivity at the different perfo
Page 111 and 112: indicates that the hired male labou
Page 113 and 114: variation is striking. However, the
Page 115 and 116: sections from taking up sericulture
Page 117 and 118: here concern the supply of material
Page 119 and 120: Other inputs like disinfectants and
Page 121 and 122: Adoption of Technology The deparnne
Page 123 and 124: sericulturists, however, accept suc
Page 125 and 126: oom with bleaching powder. Some go
Page 127 and 128: sericultwists invariably turn out t
Page 129 and 130: the eye. Some say that continuous i
Page 131: Labour is generally categorised as
Page 135 and 136: also engaged in out-put based tasks
Page 137 and 138: caste as well as class lines. In as
Page 139 and 140: Migration and Labour Scarcity: Seri
Page 141 and 142: Table No. 5.1: Labour Absorption in
Page 143 and 144: contract system have created a situ
Page 145 and 146: specific strategies in adopting the
Page 147 and 148: Karunalcaran in one of the study vi
Page 149 and 150: predominantly consist of the landle
Page 151 and 152: The present chapter has brought out
Page 153 and 154: have the potentiality of disturbing
Page 155 and 156: However, many of these studies have
Page 157 and 158: Table No. 6.1: Distribution of Seri
Page 159 and 160: variation, in favour of sericulture
Page 161 and 162: Number of Adults and Relationship S
Page 163 and 164: children, to extend some assIstance
Page 165 and 166: While Table 6.3 refers to all seric
Page 167 and 168: over women and of the old over the
Page 169 and 170: assert one's freedom in the areas o
Page 171 and 172: tend to act with restraint. This is
Page 173 and 174: handle the domestic roles all alone
Page 175 and 176: make the participation of women in
Page 177 and 178: However, the involvement of women i
Page 179 and 180: nuclear families where recently mar
Page 181 and 182: Table No.6. 7: Labour Involvement a
Page 183 and 184:
specific recognition, depending on
Page 185 and 186:
incentives to sericulturists in the
Page 187 and 188:
atmosphere. So, it would not be muc
Page 189 and 190:
access to land, which in tum, depri
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTERVll SOCIO-ECONOMIC MOBILITY
Page 193 and 194:
labour for agriculture operations.
Page 195 and 196:
econorruc status IS manifested in t
Page 197 and 198:
The person makes further attempts t
Page 199 and 200:
Sunilarly, Kannappan in Seripura (C
Page 201 and 202:
The case of Tba..'1g3vel of E N Par
Page 203 and 204:
among the marginal and small catego
Page 205 and 206:
As for the labour utilisation, seri
Page 207 and 208:
SCs in the village. All the drop ou
Page 209 and 210:
they still possess certain external
Page 211 and 212:
Gender Relations'. It has to be rei
Page 213 and 214:
The family of Mahendran in K K Pura
Page 215 and 216:
probably to keep out of any social
Page 217 and 218:
ecome a menace. With better protect
Page 219 and 220:
maturity of the laying and the meth
Page 221 and 222:
However, the adoption of sericultur
Page 223 and 224:
Sericulture plays a positive role i
Page 225 and 226:
tend to be younger in age. This str
Page 227 and 228:
of labour, etc. These sometimes ext
Page 229 and 230:
escue. She has been doing sericultu
Page 231 and 232:
of the village population. There ar
Page 233 and 234:
Strategies and Prospects. These onl
Page 235 and 236:
at the non-institutional level for
Page 237 and 238:
system oflending or through an info
Page 239 and 240:
other villages. Though skilled pers
Page 241 and 242:
symmetric relations are distinguish
Page 243 and 244:
have taken a new dimension with the
Page 245 and 246:
the present study. The study has be
Page 247 and 248:
In Seripura, there had been a large
Page 249 and 250:
and matro-nuclear families is well
Page 251 and 252:
labour has found greater recognitio
Page 253 and 254:
most of them have to face similar c
Page 255 and 256:
Social and Network Relations: This
Page 257 and 258:
of the village, within the context
Page 259 and 260:
In the analysis of socio-economic m
Page 261 and 262:
dimensions of the project, concerru
Page 263 and 264:
sustainability of the enterprise it
Page 265 and 266:
Cernea.' Michael M. 1985. Putting P
Page 267 and 268:
Govindaraju, K. V., P. Pugazhendi a
Page 269 and 270:
ISST 1982. An Assesment of Women's
Page 271 and 272:
Morns, J. 1981. Managing Induced Ru
Page 273 and 274:
Srinivas, M. :--I. House. 1935. Ind
Page 275 and 276:
upee salary at that time. Having fa
Page 277 and 278:
factory started running on a loss w
Page 279 and 280:
giving up sericulture though he doe
Page 281 and 282:
participates in the sericulture act
Page 283 and 284:
Being the eldest and the only daugh
Page 285 and 286:
Meena hardly attends to other house
Page 287 and 288:
activities of leaf picking, feeding
Page 289 and 290:
her work-load becomes heavier, thou
Page 291 and 292:
the second consecutive year. has he
Page 293 and 294:
heavily on her brother for sericult
Page 295:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Land holding
show all

SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGE - Institute for ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?