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visits are undertaken only if there are any of their relatives still left in the village. In some of the marginal farmer categories, especially those who own only rain-fed lands, the work force, especially the youngsters stick to Bangalore, leaving the older persons to manage the lands. A few do continue to visit the villages but only during the peak seasons. Even in small land-holding families, with least irrigation, if there are two adult males in the family, one would have migrated to Bangalore, leaving the other in the village to take care of the lands. During the seventies and early eighties, the wage structure had been quite low. In the late eighties, when things became bener, there had not been much labour left. With more initiation of cash crops and with the re-generation of sericulture in a large scale by more farmers, the situation led to a total transformation of the labour scenario. There had been changes in the wage structure as well as in the nature of engaging the labourers. The labourers started enjoying a greater bargaining power. New labour types like the task contract system, started emerging. With this, labour strategies and management has started assuming high significance in sericulture. Labour absorption in Sericulture and Other Crops: Table 5.1 provides the labour absorption in different crops including sericulture by sex and labour status l6 . As the table shows, the agricultural 16 The labour absorption has been calculated from the data prOVIded by about twenty-five per cent of the cultivators of each crop. across different land categories. From this, the average labour absorptlOn m one acre of operated area for each crop was derived. This was multiplied by the total operated area for each crop, to arrive at the cumulative labour absorption. The prevallmg wage rate had been used in the conversion of the contract labour Ulto person days. :'32
Table No. 5.1: Labour Absorption in Different Crope and in Saricultura by Sax and Labour Status Crop. Pere Family Labour Hired Labour Total Labour on Name P.riod. Opeut.ed Per T •• k. Contraot Other Are. Crop in Month s Acre , Per Male Fe- Tot. Hale Fe- Tot. Hale Fe- Total Mal. Fema1 100' Row- Ye. Male Male Male .. Wi.. , Paddy 4-6 85 12.5 102 24.5 0.0 24.5 17 .6 49.0 66.7 8.8 0.0 8.8 S1 .0 49. a 8670 13.2 S.Cane Annual 70 7.9 747 7.4 0.0 ./ . 4 45.5 44.6 90. I 7.5 0.0 2.5 5~.4 44.6 484 a 7.4 Tomato 6 28 4.1 155 23.9 11. a 3LO 11.6 6.5 18.1 2.6 14.5 47.1 38.1 61. 9 4340 6.6 G.Nut 3-4 190 27.9 86 4.7 8.1 12.8 11. 6 18.6 30.2 4.7 52.3 57.0 20.9 79.1 16340 24.9 Ragi 6 70 10.3 92 6.5 0.0 6.5 6.5 87. a 93.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13. a 87.0 6440 9.8 n Rai,tad 4-6 200 29.4 31 19.4 32.3 51. 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 35.5 48.4 32.3 67.7 6200 9.5 Cl"ooa Other Annual! 45 6.6 40 25.0 30.0 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 35.0 45.0 35.0 65.0 1890 2.9 Crops· Perennial Sub Total - 638 93.8 - 13.1 9.1 22.2 13.4 31. 3 44.7 5.7 27.4 33.1 32.2 67.8 48720 14.3 Mulberry Perennial 42 6.2 92 16.3 4.3 20.7 52.2 0.0 52.2 0.0 27.2 27.2 68.5 31. 5 3864 5.9 Total - 680 )00.0 - 13.3 8.7 22.1 16.2 29.0 45.3 5.3 27.4 32.7 34.8 65.2 52584 80.2 '" '" Si1kworm One Month 42 6.2 309 37.9 32.4 70.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 22.3 29.8 45.3 54.7 12978 19.8 RAArin. - 4timp, Sar icu.l tu One Month 42 6.2 401 32.9 25.9 58.9 12.0 0.0 12.0 5.7 23.4 29.2 50.6 49.4 16842 25.1 re - 4times G. Total. - 680 100.0 - 1B.2 13.4 31. 6 13.0 23.3 36.3 5.1 26.4 32.1 36.9 63.1 65562 100.0 -------- .. -- --- -- * Other Crops Include Some Of The Tree Crops Like Coconut, Mango, Plantain Etc., As Well As Some Of The Vegetable Crops, Which Involve Activites Like Regular Irrgation, "eeding Etc.
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SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHA
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DECLARATION I hereby declare that t
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would also like to thank my friend
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LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Socio-cultur
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new International economic order. I
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to the rural society, in particular
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instance, is reported to have been
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Industrialisation and greater emplo
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means of economic survival (1970:12
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to a region of small geographical a
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people's attitudes towards Communit
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dislocations. In his opmlOn, the pr
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year has made it a hot favourite of
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to social significance of sericub.I
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to the adoption of sericulture may
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As discussed earlier, any new techn
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3. To study the impact of sericultu
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framework as 'matro family'. If it
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The relation could be called a symm
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enough to accept change and respons
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upon the institutions. The study on
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and presenting the significance and
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CHAPTER II THE FIELD AND THE PEOPLE
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TAMIL NADlJ Map No_ 2_2 ~ .... , i
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Sericulture. The present study vill
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Table No. 2.1: Per cent Dis(ributio
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Table No. 2.2: Distribution of Hous
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Table No. 2.3: Per cent Distributio
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Literacy and Education: Table 2.4 p
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'convent school' in the village its
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pollution, the sefYlce of the women
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Appendix II provides some of the so
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two and three, where there is a gre
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hesitation. As far as girls are con
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CHAPTERm LAND AND ECONO~IIC DIVERSI
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Agriculture lands work out to be ne
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Cotton was the predominant crop in
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These are mainly rain-fed lands and
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Table No. 3.1: Activity Profile and
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one as it lacks any visible product
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production along with meeting any o
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Table No. 3.2: Sources of Household
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economies of the village, it is any
Page 89 and 90: considerations are developed within
Page 91 and 92: diseases. Some people prefer chawki
Page 93 and 94: with other related agencies and fel
Page 95 and 96: m the village. The fourth phase, co
Page 97 and 98: communities except the Vanniars. Wh
Page 99 and 100: the large farmers, sericulture may
Page 101 and 102: Table No. 4.4: Activity PronIe of S
Page 103 and 104: Table No. 4.5: Intensity ofSericult
Page 105 and 106: indication in the activity profile
Page 107 and 108: Table No. 4.61 Land Size, Scale and
Page 109 and 110: productivity at the different perfo
Page 111 and 112: indicates that the hired male labou
Page 113 and 114: variation is striking. However, the
Page 115 and 116: sections from taking up sericulture
Page 117 and 118: here concern the supply of material
Page 119 and 120: Other inputs like disinfectants and
Page 121 and 122: Adoption of Technology The deparnne
Page 123 and 124: sericulturists, however, accept suc
Page 125 and 126: oom with bleaching powder. Some go
Page 127 and 128: sericultwists invariably turn out t
Page 129 and 130: the eye. Some say that continuous i
Page 131 and 132: Labour is generally categorised as
Page 133 and 134: 1986: ~~). Only the males are invol
Page 135 and 136: also engaged in out-put based tasks
Page 137 and 138: caste as well as class lines. In as
Page 139: Migration and Labour Scarcity: Seri
Page 143 and 144: contract system have created a situ
Page 145 and 146: specific strategies in adopting the
Page 147 and 148: Karunalcaran in one of the study vi
Page 149 and 150: predominantly consist of the landle
Page 151 and 152: The present chapter has brought out
Page 153 and 154: have the potentiality of disturbing
Page 155 and 156: However, many of these studies have
Page 157 and 158: Table No. 6.1: Distribution of Seri
Page 159 and 160: variation, in favour of sericulture
Page 161 and 162: Number of Adults and Relationship S
Page 163 and 164: children, to extend some assIstance
Page 165 and 166: While Table 6.3 refers to all seric
Page 167 and 168: over women and of the old over the
Page 169 and 170: assert one's freedom in the areas o
Page 171 and 172: tend to act with restraint. This is
Page 173 and 174: handle the domestic roles all alone
Page 175 and 176: make the participation of women in
Page 177 and 178: However, the involvement of women i
Page 179 and 180: nuclear families where recently mar
Page 181 and 182: Table No.6. 7: Labour Involvement a
Page 183 and 184: specific recognition, depending on
Page 185 and 186: incentives to sericulturists in the
Page 187 and 188: atmosphere. So, it would not be muc
Page 189 and 190: access to land, which in tum, depri
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CHAPTERVll SOCIO-ECONOMIC MOBILITY
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labour for agriculture operations.
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econorruc status IS manifested in t
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The person makes further attempts t
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Sunilarly, Kannappan in Seripura (C
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The case of Tba..'1g3vel of E N Par
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among the marginal and small catego
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As for the labour utilisation, seri
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SCs in the village. All the drop ou
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they still possess certain external
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Gender Relations'. It has to be rei
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The family of Mahendran in K K Pura
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probably to keep out of any social
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ecome a menace. With better protect
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maturity of the laying and the meth
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However, the adoption of sericultur
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Sericulture plays a positive role i
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tend to be younger in age. This str
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of labour, etc. These sometimes ext
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escue. She has been doing sericultu
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of the village population. There ar
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Strategies and Prospects. These onl
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at the non-institutional level for
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system oflending or through an info
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other villages. Though skilled pers
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symmetric relations are distinguish
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have taken a new dimension with the
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the present study. The study has be
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In Seripura, there had been a large
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and matro-nuclear families is well
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labour has found greater recognitio
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most of them have to face similar c
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Social and Network Relations: This
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of the village, within the context
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In the analysis of socio-economic m
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dimensions of the project, concerru
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sustainability of the enterprise it
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Cernea.' Michael M. 1985. Putting P
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Govindaraju, K. V., P. Pugazhendi a
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ISST 1982. An Assesment of Women's
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Morns, J. 1981. Managing Induced Ru
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Srinivas, M. :--I. House. 1935. Ind
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upee salary at that time. Having fa
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factory started running on a loss w
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giving up sericulture though he doe
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participates in the sericulture act
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Being the eldest and the only daugh
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Meena hardly attends to other house
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activities of leaf picking, feeding
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her work-load becomes heavier, thou
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the second consecutive year. has he
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heavily on her brother for sericult
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Land holding
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