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For instance, Kalaivanan is a large landholder. He had taken up sencul\ure, a year back. There are six contract labourers in his household and they involve in sericulture in turns, thus every one acquiring expertise in sericulture. In this household, all the contract labourers are paid only Rs 400/ -, which is a normal pay for the non-senculture based contract labourers in the village. Task-contract labour hardly fits into sericulture type of activity. Some sericulturists, however, make use of the skilled labourers on contract basis. Here, though the skill is related to the task, it differs from the task contract labour in more than one way. Unlike the latter, it is individual based, confined to a single activity, more or less with a fixed remuneration and with the allowance of the involvement of additional labour, induding the family labour. The labourer involved, generally has an expertise in rearing and attends to the work starting from brushing of the wonns till the harvest of the cocoons. Some sericulture-skilled labourers combine both the contract and casual engagements while a few others take up the task, exclusively on daily-wage basis. Some are engaged to look after the entire crop, while some others are engaged to look after, only the last phases of rearing activity. Still some others are attached to particular households, similar to the Assured casual labour type, while yet others are of floating nature. Though the numbers of such labourers are only a few in number in different villages, even a single individual combines more than one strategy, for reaping better benefits, which are not uncommon in the field situations. Such labourers are resorted to by some of the sericulturist households to ensure a competent person in rearing. The skilled labourers are more in demand, especially in the last stages of reanng. 138
Karunalcaran in one of the study villages is attached to a particular household and attends to rearing since the first stage onwards. He is paid an amount of Rs 700. However, Raman in another village, is also specIalised In saiculture activity. He moves from one person to another withIn :.i few specific households, when he is engaged for the same. He gets an amount of Rs 750/ - for the entire batch of rearing. In both cases, the additional labourers, either of the family or of the hired, are supplied by the respectIve entrepreneurs, depending on the number of layings reared. The Assured casual labour is another type which is commonly utilised by sericulture households. The wage rate is one or two rupees more than the prevailing wage rate for women. This is because of the increasing hours of work as compared to normal working hours. Their working tim~ involves the whole day. This is in contrast to the much preferred . early morning till noon' timings of the other agricultural activities, which has become much prevalent in many areas of the state. These labourer; mostly belong to the lower strata in the social hierarchy of the village. Such labourers resort to procuring loan-advances to meet any contingency or emergency expenses. In households where such labourers are present. many a times, there would also be another adult woman who would be engaged only as unattached casual labour. The latter's income would be put to use for regular household expenses. \1oreover, due to their differential work-timings, they would also be supplementing each other in canying out their daily chores of household responsibilities like cooking, water procuring, etc., in different times of the day. Resortlllg to share-cropping in sericulture to overcome the labour problems and at the same time accruing its benefits is not totally uncommon, though rare. Exchange labour is well-made use of in sericulture especially among close relatives. This is more prevalent among rr.e marginal and small farmer categories, especially where 139
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SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHA
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DECLARATION I hereby declare that t
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would also like to thank my friend
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LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Socio-cultur
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new International economic order. I
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to the rural society, in particular
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instance, is reported to have been
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Industrialisation and greater emplo
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means of economic survival (1970:12
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to a region of small geographical a
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people's attitudes towards Communit
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dislocations. In his opmlOn, the pr
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year has made it a hot favourite of
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to social significance of sericub.I
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to the adoption of sericulture may
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As discussed earlier, any new techn
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3. To study the impact of sericultu
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framework as 'matro family'. If it
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The relation could be called a symm
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enough to accept change and respons
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upon the institutions. The study on
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and presenting the significance and
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CHAPTER II THE FIELD AND THE PEOPLE
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TAMIL NADlJ Map No_ 2_2 ~ .... , i
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Sericulture. The present study vill
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Table No. 2.1: Per cent Dis(ributio
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Table No. 2.2: Distribution of Hous
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Table No. 2.3: Per cent Distributio
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Literacy and Education: Table 2.4 p
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'convent school' in the village its
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pollution, the sefYlce of the women
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Appendix II provides some of the so
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two and three, where there is a gre
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hesitation. As far as girls are con
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CHAPTERm LAND AND ECONO~IIC DIVERSI
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Agriculture lands work out to be ne
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Cotton was the predominant crop in
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These are mainly rain-fed lands and
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Table No. 3.1: Activity Profile and
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one as it lacks any visible product
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production along with meeting any o
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Table No. 3.2: Sources of Household
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economies of the village, it is any
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considerations are developed within
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diseases. Some people prefer chawki
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with other related agencies and fel
Page 95 and 96: m the village. The fourth phase, co
Page 97 and 98: communities except the Vanniars. Wh
Page 99 and 100: the large farmers, sericulture may
Page 101 and 102: Table No. 4.4: Activity PronIe of S
Page 103 and 104: Table No. 4.5: Intensity ofSericult
Page 105 and 106: indication in the activity profile
Page 107 and 108: Table No. 4.61 Land Size, Scale and
Page 109 and 110: productivity at the different perfo
Page 111 and 112: indicates that the hired male labou
Page 113 and 114: variation is striking. However, the
Page 115 and 116: sections from taking up sericulture
Page 117 and 118: here concern the supply of material
Page 119 and 120: Other inputs like disinfectants and
Page 121 and 122: Adoption of Technology The deparnne
Page 123 and 124: sericulturists, however, accept suc
Page 125 and 126: oom with bleaching powder. Some go
Page 127 and 128: sericultwists invariably turn out t
Page 129 and 130: the eye. Some say that continuous i
Page 131 and 132: Labour is generally categorised as
Page 133 and 134: 1986: ~~). Only the males are invol
Page 135 and 136: also engaged in out-put based tasks
Page 137 and 138: caste as well as class lines. In as
Page 139 and 140: Migration and Labour Scarcity: Seri
Page 141 and 142: Table No. 5.1: Labour Absorption in
Page 143 and 144: contract system have created a situ
Page 145: specific strategies in adopting the
Page 149 and 150: predominantly consist of the landle
Page 151 and 152: The present chapter has brought out
Page 153 and 154: have the potentiality of disturbing
Page 155 and 156: However, many of these studies have
Page 157 and 158: Table No. 6.1: Distribution of Seri
Page 159 and 160: variation, in favour of sericulture
Page 161 and 162: Number of Adults and Relationship S
Page 163 and 164: children, to extend some assIstance
Page 165 and 166: While Table 6.3 refers to all seric
Page 167 and 168: over women and of the old over the
Page 169 and 170: assert one's freedom in the areas o
Page 171 and 172: tend to act with restraint. This is
Page 173 and 174: handle the domestic roles all alone
Page 175 and 176: make the participation of women in
Page 177 and 178: However, the involvement of women i
Page 179 and 180: nuclear families where recently mar
Page 181 and 182: Table No.6. 7: Labour Involvement a
Page 183 and 184: specific recognition, depending on
Page 185 and 186: incentives to sericulturists in the
Page 187 and 188: atmosphere. So, it would not be muc
Page 189 and 190: access to land, which in tum, depri
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTERVll SOCIO-ECONOMIC MOBILITY
Page 193 and 194: labour for agriculture operations.
Page 195 and 196: econorruc status IS manifested in t
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The person makes further attempts t
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Sunilarly, Kannappan in Seripura (C
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The case of Tba..'1g3vel of E N Par
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among the marginal and small catego
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As for the labour utilisation, seri
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SCs in the village. All the drop ou
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they still possess certain external
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Gender Relations'. It has to be rei
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The family of Mahendran in K K Pura
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probably to keep out of any social
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ecome a menace. With better protect
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maturity of the laying and the meth
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However, the adoption of sericultur
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Sericulture plays a positive role i
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tend to be younger in age. This str
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of labour, etc. These sometimes ext
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escue. She has been doing sericultu
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of the village population. There ar
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Strategies and Prospects. These onl
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at the non-institutional level for
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system oflending or through an info
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other villages. Though skilled pers
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symmetric relations are distinguish
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have taken a new dimension with the
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the present study. The study has be
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In Seripura, there had been a large
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and matro-nuclear families is well
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labour has found greater recognitio
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most of them have to face similar c
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Social and Network Relations: This
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of the village, within the context
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In the analysis of socio-economic m
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dimensions of the project, concerru
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sustainability of the enterprise it
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Cernea.' Michael M. 1985. Putting P
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Govindaraju, K. V., P. Pugazhendi a
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ISST 1982. An Assesment of Women's
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Morns, J. 1981. Managing Induced Ru
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Srinivas, M. :--I. House. 1935. Ind
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upee salary at that time. Having fa
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factory started running on a loss w
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giving up sericulture though he doe
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participates in the sericulture act
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Being the eldest and the only daugh
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Meena hardly attends to other house
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activities of leaf picking, feeding
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her work-load becomes heavier, thou
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the second consecutive year. has he
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heavily on her brother for sericult
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Land holding
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