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status but for their fmancial compulsions. It would be worth noting what one of the sericultwists jokingly remarked: . As long as the difficulties of these labourers continue , sericulture will remam. The moment they face no difficulty, we will be deprived of such Llbvurers and conSCo:juently we will be driven off from sericulture.' \\ nile these words reflect the indispensability of the sericulture labourers and the dependability of the sericultwists on them, it also exposes the conditions of such labourers. There are some sericulturists, however, who uy to motivate their own labourers, with the advantage of their sericulture knowledge to enable them to take up sericulture. They also assist them, to a certain extent, in creating necessary infrastructure facilities and even extend support in carrying out the activity with a relative success. However, it is their economic misery again that acts as a major constraint in taking up sericulture on their own. There are a few cases of fonner sericulture-based regular contract labourers who have now taken up sericulture on leased land and do fairly well. This IS the case with Karuppannan of [ N Pura and Velusamy of K K Pura. Both were pennanent contract labourers, earlier working in sericulture households of a dommant caste. Both continue their relation with their fonner patrons, make VISits to their fanns and extend an occasional help. In the ,;ame way their fonner patrons also support them in their endeavour and meet some of their requirements like financial assistance, lending reanng t:.:julpments and mountages etc. It should be noted that both of them have worked at the household of their fonner patrons for more than eIght years, developed a good rapport and gained their confidence. Moreover, their family members continue t;:J provide assured casual labourers to them. Such labourers could become the right target of the development priorities of sericulture. by facilitating to overcome their initial financial constraints and help them to have an adequate infrastructure for sericulture. Concluding Remarks 142
The present chapter has brought out the labour situation m Seripura, the different labour types that are prevalent in the agricultura1 scenario as well as the alterations entailed and the strategies employed in the efficient management of the prevailing situation. It is seen that the labour utilisation in sericulture as compared to its land share in the total cropped lands in Seripura has been multi-fold. This has indicated its employment potentiality in rural context. Moreover, while there is an increasing displacement of family labour in agriculture, with the emergence of the task contract system, sericulture has reinforced the deployment of family labour in the activity, much more vigorously. This has also been facilitated, in a way, by the emergence of task contract labour in agriculture, as the sericulturists need not divert their family labour to agricultural crops even if they go for the cultivation of more agricultural crops. Moreover, they have increased the scale of rearing and reduced the number of crops and have resorted to branch feeding all of which have the potentiality of reducing the cumulative labour intake in the activity. The scarcity of labour has, nevertheless, forced sericulturists to alter their strategies in labour management. As a result, they have resorted to more exchange labour, with greater assurance, which is crucial in the accomplishment of sericulture. With all this, the use of family labour has been put to maximum use, which natura1ly results in tremendous stress and strain. This is especially true of the women members of the household who is already burdened with the household chores. Thus, family becomes an important social institution that comes to be affected and altered in the context of sericulture. The next chapter takes a look into the family dynamics and the gender relations. 143
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SERICUL TURE AND THE PROCESS OF CHA
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DECLARATION I hereby declare that t
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would also like to thank my friend
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LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Socio-cultur
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new International economic order. I
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to the rural society, in particular
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instance, is reported to have been
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Industrialisation and greater emplo
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means of economic survival (1970:12
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to a region of small geographical a
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people's attitudes towards Communit
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dislocations. In his opmlOn, the pr
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year has made it a hot favourite of
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to social significance of sericub.I
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to the adoption of sericulture may
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As discussed earlier, any new techn
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3. To study the impact of sericultu
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framework as 'matro family'. If it
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The relation could be called a symm
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enough to accept change and respons
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upon the institutions. The study on
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and presenting the significance and
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CHAPTER II THE FIELD AND THE PEOPLE
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TAMIL NADlJ Map No_ 2_2 ~ .... , i
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Sericulture. The present study vill
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Table No. 2.1: Per cent Dis(ributio
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Table No. 2.2: Distribution of Hous
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Table No. 2.3: Per cent Distributio
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Literacy and Education: Table 2.4 p
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'convent school' in the village its
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pollution, the sefYlce of the women
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Appendix II provides some of the so
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two and three, where there is a gre
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hesitation. As far as girls are con
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CHAPTERm LAND AND ECONO~IIC DIVERSI
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Agriculture lands work out to be ne
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Cotton was the predominant crop in
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These are mainly rain-fed lands and
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Table No. 3.1: Activity Profile and
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one as it lacks any visible product
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production along with meeting any o
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Table No. 3.2: Sources of Household
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economies of the village, it is any
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considerations are developed within
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diseases. Some people prefer chawki
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with other related agencies and fel
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m the village. The fourth phase, co
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communities except the Vanniars. Wh
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Page 101 and 102: Table No. 4.4: Activity PronIe of S
Page 103 and 104: Table No. 4.5: Intensity ofSericult
Page 105 and 106: indication in the activity profile
Page 107 and 108: Table No. 4.61 Land Size, Scale and
Page 109 and 110: productivity at the different perfo
Page 111 and 112: indicates that the hired male labou
Page 113 and 114: variation is striking. However, the
Page 115 and 116: sections from taking up sericulture
Page 117 and 118: here concern the supply of material
Page 119 and 120: Other inputs like disinfectants and
Page 121 and 122: Adoption of Technology The deparnne
Page 123 and 124: sericulturists, however, accept suc
Page 125 and 126: oom with bleaching powder. Some go
Page 127 and 128: sericultwists invariably turn out t
Page 129 and 130: the eye. Some say that continuous i
Page 131 and 132: Labour is generally categorised as
Page 133 and 134: 1986: ~~). Only the males are invol
Page 135 and 136: also engaged in out-put based tasks
Page 137 and 138: caste as well as class lines. In as
Page 139 and 140: Migration and Labour Scarcity: Seri
Page 141 and 142: Table No. 5.1: Labour Absorption in
Page 143 and 144: contract system have created a situ
Page 145 and 146: specific strategies in adopting the
Page 147 and 148: Karunalcaran in one of the study vi
Page 149: predominantly consist of the landle
Page 153 and 154: have the potentiality of disturbing
Page 155 and 156: However, many of these studies have
Page 157 and 158: Table No. 6.1: Distribution of Seri
Page 159 and 160: variation, in favour of sericulture
Page 161 and 162: Number of Adults and Relationship S
Page 163 and 164: children, to extend some assIstance
Page 165 and 166: While Table 6.3 refers to all seric
Page 167 and 168: over women and of the old over the
Page 169 and 170: assert one's freedom in the areas o
Page 171 and 172: tend to act with restraint. This is
Page 173 and 174: handle the domestic roles all alone
Page 175 and 176: make the participation of women in
Page 177 and 178: However, the involvement of women i
Page 179 and 180: nuclear families where recently mar
Page 181 and 182: Table No.6. 7: Labour Involvement a
Page 183 and 184: specific recognition, depending on
Page 185 and 186: incentives to sericulturists in the
Page 187 and 188: atmosphere. So, it would not be muc
Page 189 and 190: access to land, which in tum, depri
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTERVll SOCIO-ECONOMIC MOBILITY
Page 193 and 194: labour for agriculture operations.
Page 195 and 196: econorruc status IS manifested in t
Page 197 and 198: The person makes further attempts t
Page 199 and 200: Sunilarly, Kannappan in Seripura (C
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The case of Tba..'1g3vel of E N Par
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among the marginal and small catego
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As for the labour utilisation, seri
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SCs in the village. All the drop ou
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they still possess certain external
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Gender Relations'. It has to be rei
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The family of Mahendran in K K Pura
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probably to keep out of any social
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ecome a menace. With better protect
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maturity of the laying and the meth
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However, the adoption of sericultur
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Sericulture plays a positive role i
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tend to be younger in age. This str
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of labour, etc. These sometimes ext
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escue. She has been doing sericultu
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of the village population. There ar
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Strategies and Prospects. These onl
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at the non-institutional level for
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system oflending or through an info
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other villages. Though skilled pers
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symmetric relations are distinguish
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have taken a new dimension with the
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the present study. The study has be
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In Seripura, there had been a large
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and matro-nuclear families is well
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labour has found greater recognitio
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most of them have to face similar c
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Social and Network Relations: This
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of the village, within the context
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In the analysis of socio-economic m
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dimensions of the project, concerru
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sustainability of the enterprise it
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Cernea.' Michael M. 1985. Putting P
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Govindaraju, K. V., P. Pugazhendi a
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ISST 1982. An Assesment of Women's
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Morns, J. 1981. Managing Induced Ru
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Srinivas, M. :--I. House. 1935. Ind
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upee salary at that time. Having fa
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factory started running on a loss w
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giving up sericulture though he doe
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participates in the sericulture act
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Being the eldest and the only daugh
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Meena hardly attends to other house
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activities of leaf picking, feeding
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her work-load becomes heavier, thou
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the second consecutive year. has he
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heavily on her brother for sericult
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Land holding
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