Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

XV
I
H 4.3
H 4.4
H 5
H 5.1
H 5.2
H 5.3
H 5.4
H 5.4.1
H 5.4.2
H 5.4.3
H 5.5
H 5.5.1
H 5.5.2
H 5.5.3
H 5.6
H 5.7
H 6
H 7
I 1
I 1.1
I 1.2
I 1.3
I 1.4
I 1.5
I 1.6
I 2
I 2.1
I 2.1.1
I 2.1.2
I 2.1.3
I 2.1.4
I 2.2
I 2.2.1
I 2.2.2
I 2.2.2.1
I 2.2.2.2
I 2.2.2.3
I 2.2.2.4
I 2.3
I 2.3.1
I 2.3.2
I 2.3.3
The use of compensatory principles and standards in biosphere
conservation 282
Knowledge and values as the foundation for appreciation processes 283
Economic valuation of biosphere services 284
Economic valuation as an expression of specific valuation ethics 284
Methodological foundations and explanatory potential of economic
valuations 284
Overview of the procedure for economic valuation of the biosphere 286
Value categories of biosphere services from an economic perspective 286
Individual values and ‘total economic value’ 286
Human perception of biosphere values 288
The function of the concept of total economic value 289
Limits to the applicability of the economic rationale to the valuation of biosphere
services 289
The substitution paradigm and the essentiality of biosphere services 289
The problem of irreversibilities 290
Conclusions about the applicability of the economic valuation approach 291
An attempt to rank the value categories from a global perspective 291
Conclusion on economic valuation 293
The ethics of conducting negotiations 294
Conclusions for biosphere conservation 297
Global biosphere policy 299
A guard-rail strategy for biosphere conservation and management 301
First biological imperative: preserve the integrity of bioregions 302
Second biological imperative: safeguard existing biological resources 303
Third biological imperative: maintain biopotential for the future 303
Fourth biological imperative: preserve the global natural heritage 304
Fifth biological imperative: preserve the regulatory functions of the
biosphere 306
Conclusion: an explicit guard rail for biosphere conservation 307
Elements of a global biosphere policy 308
Tasks and issues 308
Overcoming the knowledge deficit 308
Problems of spatial and temporal distribution 309
Coordination problems 310
Points of departure for a global biosphere policy 311
Approaches under international law 313
Instruments of regulation under national law 313
Direct behavioural regulation as a control instrument in international law 314
The absence of enforcement agencies under international environmental
law 314
The absence of central decision-making bodies under international
environmental law 314
Direct behavioural control as an implementation standard in treaties under
international law 314
Mechanisms to guarantee treaty compliance 315
Approaches for positive regulations 316
Negative versus positive international regulations 316
Prerequisites for positive regulations and incentives 316
Conclusions for the conservation and use of the biosphere 318