Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

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Use of animals and microorganisms D 1.4 41 that is sufficiently harmful to justify targeted elimination (nor has this succeeded when attempted in the past). Even poisonous plants have great utility in the production of pharmaceutical ingredients (eg digitalis, belladonna). Agricultural ‘weeds’ or problematic plants can also be used as a by-product (eg animal fodder) or used in their original habitat. D 1.3.5 Assessment of non-usable species According to current calculations, the above discussion leaves approx 145,000 species (>50 per cent) for which at the present time or in the foreseeable future no economic function can be derived and that are not protected by international agreements. If one is looking for a justification for the preservation or the elimination of these species, the following thoughts are relevant: • The species are redundant to other species already being used or having a potential use. There is no significant ‘damage’ if these species are eliminated (cf however Section D 2). • The crux is preservation for use by future generations, and it is not foreseeable what products future generations will be able to use even if they are not usable at the present time (option value, Chapter H). • There are ethical grounds not to eliminate species (existence value, Chapter H). • Aesthetic aspects speak in favour of preserving species. Lawton (1991) described this well by comparing species to medieval cathedrals or compositions of Mozart: they are preserved because they are beautiful and enrich our lives (symbolic value, Chapter H). At the moment we know too little about these species to be able to classify them. One can only put forward analogous arguments on the basis of other processes. Mankind ‘uses’ just 5–10 per cent of the DNA present in the human body actively. We currently know no function for >90 per cent of our DNA, but one would not (even if one could) remove that 90 per cent of DNA, because we apply the precautionary principle.Analogical conditions are familiar from physiology where the majority of enzymatic processes do not operate at full capacity but in many cases at
42 D The use of genetic and species diversity have not even come close to completing a description of all species. Such an assessment would therefore relate to species that are as yet unknown. If we were to evaluate the animal kingdom, the number of species currently being used would presumably be smaller than in the case of plants and thus the unused proportion much greater.This is also true of the ecologically significant proportion of species for ‘soft’ sustainability (predator/prey systems, pest control). As far as the microorganisms are concerned, the proportion of species not currently in use would be significantly larger than in the case of the plants. A substantial part of current bioprospecting efforts is directed to analysing new natural substances from this group of organisms.
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World in Transition German Advisory
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Members of the German Advisory Coun
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German Advisory Council on Global C
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VI Dr Helmut Kraus (University of B
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VIII G 4 G 5 H H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5
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X D 1.3.1.3 D 1.3.1.4 D 1.3.1.5 D 1
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XII E 3.3.1.1 E 3.3.1.2 E 3.3.2 E 3
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XIV F 4.3 F 5 F 5.1 F 5.1.1 F 5.1.2
Page 17 and 18: XVI J I 2.4 I 2.5 I 2.5.1 I 2.5.2 I
Page 19 and 20: XVIII L K 2.4.12 K 2.4.13 K 2.4.14
Page 21 and 22: XX Box E 3.9-2 Box E 3.9-3 Box E 3.
Page 23 and 24: Figures Figure C 1.2-1 Figure C 1.3
Page 25 and 26: Acronyms ACFM AGDW AIA AIDS ATBI´s
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Page 30 and 31: Summary for Policymakers A 3 Overco
Page 32 and 33: Summary for Policymakers A 5 vation
Page 34: Introduction: Humanity reconstructs
Page 37 and 38: 10 B Introduction Box B-1 Biosphere
Page 39 and 40: 12 B Introduction Box B-2 Sustainab
Page 42 and 43: The biosphere-centred network of in
Page 44 and 45: Trends of global change in the bios
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Page 56: Genetic diversity and species diver
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Page 79 and 80: D 3 Focal issues D 3.1 Trade in end
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From natural to cultivated landscap
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Development of landscapes under hum
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Development of the cultivated lands
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Introduction of the Nile perch into
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The Indonesian shallow sea E 2.4 10
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Perception and evaluation E 3.1 113
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Spatial and temporal separation of
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 125 E 3.
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 127 tion
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 129 Box
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 131 cons
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 133 Figu
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 135 from
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 137 Habi
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 139 1. O
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 141 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 143 used
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 145 Tabl
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 153 Chan
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 155 rene
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 157 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 159 comb
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Sustainable food production from aq
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Conserving natural and cultural her
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Introduction of alien species E 3.6
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Tourism as an instrument E 3.7 185
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The role of sustainable urban devel
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Integrating conservation and use at
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The biosphere in the Earth System F
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210 F The biosphere in the Earth Sy
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F 2 The global climate between fore
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F 3 The biosphere in global transit
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F 5 Critical elements of the biosph
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Biosphere-anthroposphere linkages:
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250 G Biosphere-anthroposphere link
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G2 The mechanism of the Overexploit
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G 3 Disposition of forest ecosystem
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G5 Political implications of the sy
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Valuing the biosphere: An ethical a
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276 H Valuing the biosphere: An eth
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H 5 Economic valuation of biosphere
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H 6 The ethics of conducting negoti
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A guard rail strategy for biosphere
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Third biological imperative: mainta
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Fourth biological imperative: prese
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Conclusion: an explicit guard rail
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 309 • Pres
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 311 basis of
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 321 t
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 323 c
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Environmental education and environ
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Focuses of implementation I 3.2 335
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The role of the Biodiversity Conven
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Agreements and arrangements under t
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Incentive instruments, funds and in
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Research strategy for the biosphere
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Preserving the integrity of bioregi
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Maintaining biopotential for the fu
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Preserving the global natural herit
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Preserving the regulatory functions
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Monitoring and remote sensing J 2.3
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Biological-ecological basic researc
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Socio-economic basic research J 3.2
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The foundations of a strategy for a
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Focal areas of implementation K 2 K
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Governments and government institut
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Governments and government institut
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International institutions K 2.4 38
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A worldwide system of protected are
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References L 397 Abramovitz, J N (1
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References L 399 Berlyne, E D (1974
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References L 401 Campfire Associati
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References L 403 Promoting the Cons
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References L 405 fied Organisms. UB
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References L 407 Gollin, M A (1993)
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References L 409 Herzog-Schröder,
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References L 411 Kaufmann, L S (199
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References L 413 Leader-Williams, N
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References L 415 Sustaining Society
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References L 417 of forest recreati
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References L 419 Pott, R (1993) Far
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References L 421 pp109-140. Scharpf
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References L 423 schutz und die Wid
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References L 425 des Naturschutzes
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References L 427 Wold, C (1998) ‘
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Glossary M
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432 M Glossary the ecosystems in a
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434 M Glossary terized by its high
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The German Advisory Council on Glob
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440 N The German Advisory Council o
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Index O 443 A Aalborg Charter 194-1
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Index O 445 Especially as Waterfowl
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Index O 447 habitats 52, 81, 154, 1
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Index O 449 phytotherapy; see also
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Index O 451 United Nations Conferen
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