Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

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The bases of genetic and species diversity D 1.2 33 Holarctis Canary - Current California- Current Paleotropis Paleotropis Capensis Australis Benguela - Current Peru - Current Neotropis Antarctis © W. Barthlott 1996, 1999 Diversity Zones (DZ): Number of species per 10,000 km 2 Sea surface temperature DZ 1: (29˚C DZ 2: (100–200) DZ 6: (1,500–2,000) DZ 10: (≥5,000) >27˚C DZ 3: (200–500) DZ 4: (500–1,000) DZ 7: (2,000–3,000) DZ 8: (3,000–4,000) Capensis Floristic regions Cold currents Figure D 1.2-2 Global biodiversity: species figures for vascular plants. Robinson projection. Source: Barthlott et al, 1999, adapted on the basis of Barthlott et al, 1996; Botanisches Institut and Geographisches Institut [Botanical Institute and Geographical Institute], University of Bonn and Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum, Köln [German Remote Sensing Centre, Cologne]. Cartography: M. Gref, Geographisches Institut, Universität Bonn [University of Bonn Geography Institute]
34 D The use of genetic and species diversity Country Number of Number of % Endangered % species endemisms endemisms species endangered Brazil 56,215 ? ? 1,358 2.4 Colombia 51,220 1,500 2.9 712 1.4 China 32,200 18,000 55.9 312 1.0 Indonesia 29,375 15,000 51.1 264 0.9 Mexico 26,071 3,600 13.8 1,593 6.1 South Africa 23,420 ? up to 80% 2,215 9.5 CIS 22,000 ? ? 214 1.0 Venezuela 21,073 8,000 38.0 426 2.0 USA 19,473 4,000 20.5 4,669 24.0 Ecuador 19,362 4,000 20.7 824 4.3 Peru 18,245 ? ? 906 5.0 Bolivia 17,367 ? ? 227 1.3 India 16,000 5,000 31.3 1,236 7.7 Australia 15,638 12,000 76.7 2,245 14.4 Malaysia 15,000 ? ? 490 3.2 Germany 2,682 6 0.2 900 33.6 Table D 1.2-2 Higher plants in the 15 most species-diverse countries in the world and in Germany. Note that the data on the endangered species is extremely uncertain. Sources: IUCN, 1998a; WCMC, 1992 We have taken the plants as an example in this chapter since the records for this group are relatively complete and therefore the problem of assessing unknown species relatively minor. Plant species are certainly not distributed evenly across the Earth in statistical terms; there are regions with species numbers far higher than the average (Barthlott et al, 1996; Fig. D 1.2-2). In general terms, the number of species decreases as we move from the tropics to the poles. But within the same climatic zones there are also large geographic differences in species richness. The Northern Andes and the Indonesian archipelago are the Earth’s richest regions in this respect. In the extra-tropical region the winter rain regions (eg Capensis) and Eastern Asia stand out in terms of species wealth. The ten countries with the largest numbers of plant species are listed in Table D 1.2-2. These countries have more plant species than, say, Germany by an order of magnitude. In addition to the overall number of species, the number of species with limited distribution (called endemics) is an additional feature of importance for characterizing flora.There is a loose connection between the number of species and the number of endemisms, but there are also some countries with an unusually high number of endemic species (eg Australia or Madagascar). The number of endemic species in the most species-rich countries is greater by a factor of 1,000 than in Germany. The Red Data List of endangered plant species worldwide includes 34,000 species from over 200 countries that are threatened with extinction (IUCN, 1998a). 91 per cent of these species are endemic in each case to just one country. Our knowledge of the number of endangered species, however, is patchy even for the higher plants. The comparatively large number of endangered species in Australia and the USA is more an indicator of better knowledge than a comparable measure of actual threat. The large differences in the richness of flora and endemisms stem from many factors.These have to do with floral history (Germany is poor in species as a result of the Ice Age), the wealth of habitats and climates in a country (and thus indirectly the surface Used species > 70,000 Food plants 3,000 Medicinal plants 25,000 Timber use > 10,000 Fibre plants etc. 5,000 Soft sustainability 10,000 Ornamental plants > 15,000 Science 2,000 Species diversity: higher plants 270,000 Non-used species < 200,000 Protected species 25,000 Figure D 1.3-1 Human use of global plant diversity. Sources: WRI, 1997; WCMC, 1999b or estimated Bioprospecting > 30,000 Medicinal plants > 20,000 Food plants > 10,000 ‘Damaging’ species 0 Remaining species < 145,000
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World in Transition German Advisory
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Members of the German Advisory Coun
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German Advisory Council on Global C
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VI Dr Helmut Kraus (University of B
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Page 11 and 12: X D 1.3.1.3 D 1.3.1.4 D 1.3.1.5 D 1
Page 13 and 14: XII E 3.3.1.1 E 3.3.1.2 E 3.3.2 E 3
Page 15 and 16: XIV F 4.3 F 5 F 5.1 F 5.1.1 F 5.1.2
Page 17 and 18: XVI J I 2.4 I 2.5 I 2.5.1 I 2.5.2 I
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Page 21 and 22: XX Box E 3.9-2 Box E 3.9-3 Box E 3.
Page 23 and 24: Figures Figure C 1.2-1 Figure C 1.3
Page 25 and 26: Acronyms ACFM AGDW AIA AIDS ATBI´s
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Page 30 and 31: Summary for Policymakers A 3 Overco
Page 32 and 33: Summary for Policymakers A 5 vation
Page 34: Introduction: Humanity reconstructs
Page 37 and 38: 10 B Introduction Box B-1 Biosphere
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Page 42 and 43: The biosphere-centred network of in
Page 44 and 45: Trends of global change in the bios
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84 D The use of genetic and species
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86 D The use of genetic and species
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Natural and cultivated landscapes E
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From natural to cultivated landscap
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Development of landscapes under hum
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Development of the cultivated lands
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Introduction of the Nile perch into
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The Indonesian shallow sea E 2.4 10
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Perception and evaluation E 3.1 113
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Spatial and temporal separation of
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 125 E 3.
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 127 tion
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 129 Box
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 131 cons
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 133 Figu
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 135 from
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 137 Habi
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 139 1. O
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 141 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 143 used
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 145 Tabl
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 153 Chan
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 155 rene
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 157 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 159 comb
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Sustainable food production from aq
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Conserving natural and cultural her
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Introduction of alien species E 3.6
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Tourism as an instrument E 3.7 185
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The role of sustainable urban devel
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Integrating conservation and use at
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The biosphere in the Earth System F
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210 F The biosphere in the Earth Sy
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F 2 The global climate between fore
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F 3 The biosphere in global transit
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F 5 Critical elements of the biosph
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Biosphere-anthroposphere linkages:
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250 G Biosphere-anthroposphere link
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G2 The mechanism of the Overexploit
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G 3 Disposition of forest ecosystem
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G5 Political implications of the sy
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Valuing the biosphere: An ethical a
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276 H Valuing the biosphere: An eth
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H 5 Economic valuation of biosphere
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H 6 The ethics of conducting negoti
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A guard rail strategy for biosphere
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Third biological imperative: mainta
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Fourth biological imperative: prese
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Conclusion: an explicit guard rail
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 309 • Pres
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 311 basis of
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 321 t
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 323 c
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Environmental education and environ
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Focuses of implementation I 3.2 335
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The role of the Biodiversity Conven
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Agreements and arrangements under t
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Incentive instruments, funds and in
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Research strategy for the biosphere
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Preserving the integrity of bioregi
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Maintaining biopotential for the fu
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Preserving the global natural herit
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Preserving the regulatory functions
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Monitoring and remote sensing J 2.3
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Biological-ecological basic researc
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Socio-economic basic research J 3.2
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The foundations of a strategy for a
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Focal areas of implementation K 2 K
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Governments and government institut
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Governments and government institut
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International institutions K 2.4 38
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A worldwide system of protected are
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References L 397 Abramovitz, J N (1
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References L 399 Berlyne, E D (1974
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References L 401 Campfire Associati
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References L 403 Promoting the Cons
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References L 405 fied Organisms. UB
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References L 407 Gollin, M A (1993)
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References L 409 Herzog-Schröder,
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References L 411 Kaufmann, L S (199
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References L 413 Leader-Williams, N
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References L 415 Sustaining Society
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References L 417 of forest recreati
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References L 419 Pott, R (1993) Far
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References L 421 pp109-140. Scharpf
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References L 423 schutz und die Wid
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References L 425 des Naturschutzes
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References L 427 Wold, C (1998) ‘
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Glossary M
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432 M Glossary the ecosystems in a
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434 M Glossary terized by its high
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The German Advisory Council on Glob
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440 N The German Advisory Council o
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Index O 443 A Aalborg Charter 194-1
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Index O 445 Especially as Waterfowl
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Index O 447 habitats 52, 81, 154, 1
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Index O 449 phytotherapy; see also
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Index O 451 United Nations Conferen
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