Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

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Index O 447 habitats 52, 81, 154, 162, 178, 193, 245, 365 Habitats Directive; cf directives of the EU Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act, New Zealand 183 heaths; cf moors Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) 357 homeostasis 211-212 human rights 114, 177, 279, 294 humus 93, 102, 104, 120, 227 hunting 90, 102, 116, 141, 174 I in-situ conservation; cf conservation of biological diversity incentive instruments; see also economic instruments 143, 352-355, 392 incremental costs 334, 356 India 113, 145, 168, 173, 175-176 indicator species; cf species indicators 135, 183, 190, 209, 242, 268, 306, 339, 370, 385 indigenous peoples 61, 113, 171, 173-174, 176, 258, 341, 347, 381 Indonesia 107-108, 110, 149, 168, 253, 257, 283 industrial plants 35, 68 industrialized countries 55, 57, 64, 115, 123, 148, 151, 185, 193, 200, 309, 337, 348 infectious diseases 62-63, 183 – cholera 180 infringements of rules 282, 292, 315 – verification 317, 384 Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Costa Rica 70-71, 366 Integrated Conservation Development Projects (ICDP) 139, 198 integration 136, 194, 199, 203, 336, 361 intellectual property 81, 85, 347 – intellectual property rights 342, 381 – protection 173, 347, 366 interest groups 57, 200, 271, 312, 323, 381, 386 Intergovernmental Panel on Biological Diversity (IPBD) 337, 339, 387 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 230, 233, 336-337, 351, 387 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) 352 Interministerial Working Group on Biodiversity Policy 338, 382 International Biodiversity Observation Year (IBOY) 367 International Commission for the Conservation of the Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) 163 international community 298, 304, 337, 389-390, 392 international cooperation 316, 320, 344, 348, 357 International Cooperative Biodiversity Group Programme (ICBG) 71 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 163, 166 International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 212, 227 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 180, 384 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 56, 182, 384 International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology; see also biosafety 56 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR) 346, 388 Invasive Species Group of IUCN (ISSG) 182 IUCN; cf The World Conservation Union J Japan 63, 264, 392 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) 242 K Kenya 104, 106, 198 knowledge 19, 61, 117, 171-175, 178, 292, 294, 324, 326, 328- 329, 331 – expert knowledge 290, 318 – knowledge about action 326 – knowledge deficits 308-309, 311, 380 – traditional knowledge 71, 173, 303, 341-342, 347 knowledge systems 175-176, 178, 367 Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) 356 Kyoto Protocol; see also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) 161, 213, 237, 283, 351, 391 L La Amistad 201, 204 labelling; cf certificates lakes; see also waters 94, 106, 121, 123 – Lake Baikal 106, 179 – Lake Victoria 92, 104, 106-107 land surface 144, 157, 216, 218, 221, 224, 241 – degree of coverage 109, 152 land use 81, 96, 104, 124, 128, 138, 156, 199, 202, 225, 262, 291, 307, 351, 362 – intensive 159, 229, 301, 363 – multifunctional 84, 148, 157, 159, 162 land use planning 90, 309, 339, 350 landscape use 124-125, 199, 291 landscapes 78, 89-91, 112, 118, 124, 140, 174, 196, 282, 304 laws 183, 267, 278, 315, 341 leaf surface index 218, 242 learning 135-137, 172, 177, 324, 326, 328-329, 332, 381 learning processes 319, 324, 326, 329, 381 – assimilation processes 326 – participatory approaches 327 licensing procedure 183 lifestyles 113-114, 117, 171, 173, 177, 192, 195, 234, 324, 329 limnic ecosystems; see also ecosystems 180, 250 linkage of scales 369 living modified organisms (LMOs); cf genetically modified organisms (GMOs) locational factors 192, 373
448 O Index loss of biodiversity 139, 155, 162, 225, 308, 329, 351, 383 M macroalgae 169 Madrid Protocol; cf Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection maize 41, 59, 75-77, 80, 303 ‘Man and the Biosphere’ Programme (MAB); cf UNESCO Programme ‘Man and the Biosphere’ mangroves 110, 167, 169, 235 marine protected areas; see also protected areas 368 medications; see also active agents 35, 63-67, 108 – Aspirin ® 66 – Taxol ® 66-67 medicinal plants 38, 40, 64, 71, 174, 251, 366 medicines; cf medications metabolic interplay 212-213, 240, 242 microbial diversity; see also biodiversity 154, 374 microorganisms; see also organisms 41, 44, 66, 68, 76, 183, 366 – marine microorganisms 68 – terrestrial microorganisms 66 migration rates 229, 306 migration; cf species migration millet 80, 95 minimum viable population (MVP) 130 mobility 115, 178, 326, 330 modelling; see also models 259, 368 models 49, 102, 118, 157, 169, 194, 228, 230, 364 – Daisy World models 239 – Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM) 228 – Earth System models 218, 369 monitoring 84, 111, 135, 143, 164, 181, 210, 315, 337, 339, 369-370 – inspections 182 – reporting systems 190, 338, 391 moors 94-95, 227, 230 morals 277-278, 294 motivation 129, 197, 200, 310-311, 320-321, 327 – intrinsic motivation 332 mudflats; cf Wadden Sea multi-criteria decision; see also cost-benefit analyses 296 – expressed preferences 296 – revealed preferences 296 mutation 31, 35, 38, 43 Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT); see also Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 70, 341, 385 N national parks; see also protected areas 138, 185, 305, 354, 391 Natura 2000; see also Habitats Directive 134, 349, 368, 383 natural assets 71, 286, 288, 326, 375 natural disasters 102, 175, 238, 373 natural functions; see also ecosystem services 159, 290 natural products 61, 143, 177 natural substance production 366 natural substance research 71, 341, 386 natural substances 63, 67, 70, 108, 366 – pure substances 61, 64 nature 69, 112-113, 116-117, 128, 138, 171-172, 174, 176, 210, 249, 270, 279, 287, 297, 326, 383 – appropriation of nature 172, 275 nature conservation 125, 127, 132, 135, 142, 189, 192, 199, 271, 288, 306, 309, 315-316, 342, 345, 356, 362, 367, 372, 383 – process protection 100, 135 – protection requirement 110, 124, 126, 140, 142 nature conservation projects 357, 392 nature experience 126, 327 negotiating 323, 335, 341, 351, 374, 391 Net Biome Productivity (NBP) 227 Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) 227 Net Primary Production (NPP) 157-158, 161, 224, 227, 242 New Zealand 181, 183, 201 nitrate 45, 212 nitrogen (N) 44, 80, 99, 105, 123, 212, 225 – deposits 93, 99, 100, 227 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 52, 190, 195, 200, 319, 354, 356, 381 non-native species; cf alien species North Sea 163, 165, 203, 316-317 nutrient cycles; see also biogeochemical cylces 102, 120, 157, 228, 259 nutrient limitation 229 O Oceania 180, 264 oceans 165, 167, 212, 220, 226 – circulation 121, 229 – fertilizers 108, 168, 369 – primary production 165 orchids 31, 39, 52 organisms; see also microorganisms 43-44, 46, 48-49, 62, 70, 90, 109, 153, 155, 167, 178-179-180, 229-230, 340, 365 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 143, 195, 321, 352, 357, 385 P paper 36, 125, 148, 224, 329 parasites 21, 74, 180 participation 139, 176, 195, 200, 324 patents; see also intellectual property 62, 311, 366 people-environment interactions 28, 114, 324 perception 61, 115-118, 288, 331 permafrost 228, 234, 240 pests 59, 99, 147, 153, 155, 180, 182 Philippines 83, 108, 187, 250 philosophy 113, 277 photosynthesis 41, 107, 119, 212, 227-229, 242 physiocentrism 279-280, 284, 294 phytoplankton 106, 165, 167, 229
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World in Transition German Advisory
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Members of the German Advisory Coun
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German Advisory Council on Global C
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VI Dr Helmut Kraus (University of B
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VIII G 4 G 5 H H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5
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X D 1.3.1.3 D 1.3.1.4 D 1.3.1.5 D 1
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XII E 3.3.1.1 E 3.3.1.2 E 3.3.2 E 3
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XIV F 4.3 F 5 F 5.1 F 5.1.1 F 5.1.2
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XVI J I 2.4 I 2.5 I 2.5.1 I 2.5.2 I
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XVIII L K 2.4.12 K 2.4.13 K 2.4.14
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XX Box E 3.9-2 Box E 3.9-3 Box E 3.
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Figures Figure C 1.2-1 Figure C 1.3
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Acronyms ACFM AGDW AIA AIDS ATBI´s
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XXVI NIH NPP OECD ÖPUL PCR PEFC PI
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Summary for Policymakers A 3 Overco
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Summary for Policymakers A 5 vation
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Introduction: Humanity reconstructs
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10 B Introduction Box B-1 Biosphere
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12 B Introduction Box B-2 Sustainab
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The biosphere-centred network of in
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Trends of global change in the bios
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Impact loops in the biosphere-centr
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Impact loops as core elements of sy
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Genetic diversity and species diver
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32 D The use of genetic and species
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D 3 Focal issues D 3.1 Trade in end
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Natural and cultivated landscapes E
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From natural to cultivated landscap
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Development of landscapes under hum
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Development of the cultivated lands
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
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Introduction of the Nile perch into
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The Indonesian shallow sea E 2.4 10
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Perception and evaluation E 3.1 113
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Spatial and temporal separation of
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 125 E 3.
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 127 tion
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 129 Box
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 131 cons
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 133 Figu
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 135 from
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 137 Habi
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 139 1. O
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 141 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 143 used
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 145 Tabl
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 153 Chan
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 155 rene
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 157 vati
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Sustainable land use E 3.3 159 comb
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Sustainable food production from aq
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Conserving natural and cultural her
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Introduction of alien species E 3.6
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Tourism as an instrument E 3.7 185
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The role of sustainable urban devel
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Integrating conservation and use at
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The biosphere in the Earth System F
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210 F The biosphere in the Earth Sy
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F 2 The global climate between fore
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F 3 The biosphere in global transit
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F 5 Critical elements of the biosph
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Biosphere-anthroposphere linkages:
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250 G Biosphere-anthroposphere link
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G2 The mechanism of the Overexploit
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G 3 Disposition of forest ecosystem
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G5 Political implications of the sy
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Valuing the biosphere: An ethical a
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276 H Valuing the biosphere: An eth
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H 5 Economic valuation of biosphere
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H 6 The ethics of conducting negoti
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A guard rail strategy for biosphere
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Third biological imperative: mainta
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Fourth biological imperative: prese
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Conclusion: an explicit guard rail
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 309 • Pres
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Tasks and issues I 2.1 311 basis of
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches under international law
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Approaches for positive regulations
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 321 t
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Motivational approaches I 2.4 323 c
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Environmental education and environ
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Focuses of implementation I 3.2 335
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The role of the Biodiversity Conven
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Agreements and arrangements under t
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Incentive instruments, funds and in
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Research strategy for the biosphere
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Preserving the integrity of bioregi
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Maintaining biopotential for the fu
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Preserving the global natural herit
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Preserving the regulatory functions
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Monitoring and remote sensing J 2.3
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Biological-ecological basic researc
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Socio-economic basic research J 3.2
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The foundations of a strategy for a
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Focal areas of implementation K 2 K
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Governments and government institut
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Governments and government institut
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International institutions K 2.4 38
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A worldwide system of protected are
Page 424 and 425: References L 397 Abramovitz, J N (1
Page 426 and 427: References L 399 Berlyne, E D (1974
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Page 446 and 447: References L 419 Pott, R (1993) Far
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Page 452 and 453: References L 425 des Naturschutzes
Page 454 and 455: References L 427 Wold, C (1998) ‘
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Page 459 and 460: 432 M Glossary the ecosystems in a
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Page 472 and 473: Index O 445 Especially as Waterfowl
Page 476 and 477: Index O 449 phytotherapy; see also
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