(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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tissues. The compound 2,3,7,8-TCDD (and to a lesser extent, the other dioxins and furans substituted in the 2, 3, 7 and 8 positions) is extremely toxic to mammals. Exposure to these substances is associated with a wide range of health consequences including cancer and developmental, reproductive, neurobehavioural, immunological and dermal effects. Adverse effects elicited by exposure of environmental species to dioxins and furans have been clearly documented. Polychlorinated biphenyls have demonstrated a range of environmental and health effects similar to those of dioxins and furans and may also contribute to the formation of these substances. The goal of Environment Canada and Health Canada with respect to these substances is to minimize risks to the environment and human health associated with these substances. In particular, because of the classification of inorganic arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium and nickel compounds as substances for which the critical health effect (cancer) is believed not to have a threshold, effort should be directed toward reducing human exposure to the extent practicable. In view of the fact that mercury and lead have been shown to cause severe non-neoplastic health effects and that both have the potential to persist in the body, efforts should also be directed toward minimizing exposure to these substances. Because dioxins and furans and polychlorinated biphenyls are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, continued release of these chemicals into the environment could unnecessarily prolong exposures, with a resultant increase in the risk to the environment and human health. Therefore the goal of the federal government with respect to these substances is the virtual elimination of anthropogenic releases to the environment. The health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 microns, the form in which many of the above metals are released, have been detailed at length in Section 1.1 of this report. There is a statistically significant and concentration-related association between ambient concentrations of particulate matter and a pyramid of related cardiorespiratory effects, headed by increases in mortality. Further information on the impact of air pollution on human health can be found on the Health and Air Quality Division of Health Canada’s web site (www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/air_quality). 194
List of Acronyms AAQ AAQC ARET BACT BATNEEC BEMAG BETAG BMS BMSS CAA CAC CAG CCME CEPA COPD CUM CWS EC EPI ESP EU GDP GHG HAP HBMS HC IPPC IT ITEQ JIA Ambient Air Quality Ambient Air Quality Criteria Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics Best Achievable Control Technology Best Available Techniques not Entailing Excessive Cost Base Metals Environmental Multistakeholder Advisory Group Base Metals Environmental Technical Advisory Group Base Metals Smelting Base Metals Smelting Sector Clean Air Act Criteria Air Contaminants Core Advisory Group Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Canadian Environmental Protection Act Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Communanté urbaine de Montréal Canada-wide Standard Environment Canada Environmental Performance Indicator Electrostatic Precipitator European Union Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse Gases Hazardous Air Pollutant Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Health Canada Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Issue Table International Toxicity Equivalency Quotient. Joint Initial Action 195
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Multi-pollutant Emissi
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Acknowledgments The principal autho
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Summary The purpose of the report i
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• Recommendations to address info
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• The Minerals and Metals Foundat
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The next series of tables illustrat
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1,800.00 1,600.00 1,400.00 1,200.00
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S.4 Current emission management pra
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− The EPA has started developing
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T.1 Technical Options for Emission
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The predicted future releases and t
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Noranda Gaspé Rest of Sector** Sit
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Recommendation #3 It is also recomm
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2.4.8. Leaching ...................
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4.1.11.6. Mercury..................
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Figure 35: 2000 Nickel - Air Emissi
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Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
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1. Introduction The purpose of the
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strong surrogate for fine particles
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• These sectors are common to mos
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(a) have or may have an immediate o
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2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2.1. Sector Def
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2.3. Base Metals Smelting Processes
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2.3.1. Pretreatment Pretreatment of
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Metallic impurities either dissolve
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2.4. Environmental Concerns 29 The
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sulphur dioxide in the off-gases th
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2.5. Canadian Base Metals Smelters
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ammonium sulphate fertilizers. The
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The copper smelter uses pyrometallu
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copper, zinc, cadmium and indium, a
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2.6.6.2. Noranda Inc., Division CEZ
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2.7. Key Industrial Associations Ex
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In terms of tonnage, zinc ranks fir
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Table 4: Canadian Base Metals Expor
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ased 62 pricing system. In response
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The LME has a multi-tiered membersh
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The BMSS IT held ten meetings betwe
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3.1.1.2. Smelters Emissions Testing
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achieve their commitments, are publ
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All the companies mentioned in this
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emoved for processing in the Copper
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Lead Concentrate Zinc Residue Lead
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3.2.2. Sherritt International Corpo
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3.2.2.5. Cobalt conversion and redu
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Figure 4: Sherritt Metals Refinery
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The blister copper is then treated
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Figure 6: Hudson Bay Mining and Sme
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Figure 7: Inco Thompson Nickel Smel
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3.2.5. Falconbridge Limited, Kidd M
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electrostatic precipitator dust fro
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Figure 10: Falconbridge Kidd Copper
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3.2.6. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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Figure 12: Falconbridge Sudbury Nic
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from the fluid bed roasters are tre
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Figure 14: Inco Copper Cliff Nickel
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3.2.8. Inco Port Colborne 87 Figure
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3.2.9. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
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Figure 17: Noranda Horne Copper Sme
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Figure 18: Noranda CEZ Zinc Plant T
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Fugitive emissions from the TBRC op
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3.2.12. Noranda Inc., Division Mine
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Figure 20: Noranda Gaspé Copper Sm
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with water to preserve the environm
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3.3. Analysis of Emissions 3.3.1. T
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Table 6: Historical Trends of Total
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Table 8: Historical Trends of Arsen
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Table 10: Historical Trends of Lead
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Table 12: Historical Trends of Nick
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350 300 250 200 150 100 Total Secto
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1,400.00 1,200.00 1,000.00 800.00 6
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Table 13: Releases of Dioxins and F
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3.4. Other Current Emissions Inform
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Sulphur Dioxide - Air EPI 4500 4000
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Cadium - Air EPI 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
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Mercury- Air EPI 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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4. CURRENT EMISSION MANAGEMENT PRAC
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The “Alberta Ambient Air Quality
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4.1.9. New Brunswick New Brunswick
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4.1.11.1. Particulate Matter Table
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Table 15: Canadian Ambient Particul
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Sulphur Dioxide Releases from Coppe
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4.1.11.3. Arsenic Table 18 shows th
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4.1.11.5. Lead Table 22 shows the C
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4.1.11.6. Mercury Table 24 shows th
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4.1.11.7. Nickel Table 26 shows the
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New Source Performance Standards (N
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Table 31: US National Emission Stan
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Page 183 and 184: Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 185 and 186: 4.2.4. Australia Air quality is con
Page 187 and 188: Table 39: Australia/New South Wales
Page 189 and 190: 4.2.5. Japan Environmental quality
Page 191 and 192: Sulphur dioxide, particulate matter
Page 193 and 194: Table 47: Germany Particulate Matte
Page 195 and 196: Table 51: The Netherlands Sulphur D
Page 197 and 198: Table 53: France Particulate Matter
Page 199 and 200: The Environment Protection (Prescri
Page 201 and 202: Table 60: United Kingdom Releases t
Page 203 and 204: 4.2.12. Other European Countries Ta
Page 205 and 206: 4.3. Best Available Techniques for
Page 207 and 208: 4.4. Options and Preliminary Cost E
Page 209 and 210: plant. It would be possible to inst
Page 211 and 212: 4.4.2. Inco Limited, Thompson Divis
Page 213 and 214: 4.4.3. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
Page 215 and 216: 4.4.4. Inco Limited, Sudbury/Copper
Page 217 and 218: 4.4.5. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
Page 219 and 220: 4.4.6. Noranda Inc., Division Mines
Page 221 and 222: Table 78: Technical Options for Emi
Page 223 and 224: Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
Page 225 and 226: Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
Page 227 and 228: Noranda Horne Site Option for Reduc
Page 229 and 230: 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 231: Appendix A: Health and Environmenta
Page 235 and 236: UN/ECE URL USEPA VCR VOC United Nat
Page 237 and 238: at the anode and selectively plates
Page 239: Sinter: Slag: Slag cleaning: Top Bl
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(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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