(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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an additive in paints, glass and ceramics to impart a brilliant and permanent blue color. 2.2.2. Copper Copper was the first mineral that humans extracted from the earth and along with tin gave rise to the Bronze Age. Copper is a conductor of electricity. Its main industrial use is for the production of cable, wire and electrical products. The construction industry accounts for copper’s second largest market in such areas as pipes for plumbing, heating and ventilating as well as building wire and sheet metal facings. Copper is also used in transportation applications. 2.2.3. Lead Being very soft and pliable and highly resistant to corrosion, it was ideal for use in plumbing as well as for the manufacture of pewter. In the early 20 th century the rapid expansion in automobile production created markets for batteries and leaded fuels. Batteries remain the main modern usage of lead but the over-all total use of lead has declined due to conversion from leaded to leaded-free gasoline. Lead’s unique properties are widely used for radiation shielding in clinical settings and consumer products. 2.2.4. Nickel In the mid 18th century, primary nickel was first isolated as a separate metal. Prior to this, it was found in copper mines and thought to be an unsmeltable copper ore. Primary nickel can resist corrosion and maintains its physical and mechanical properties even when placed under extreme temperatures. When these properties were recognized, the development of primary nickel began. It was found that by combining primary nickel with steel, even in small quantities, the durability and strength of the steel increased significantly as did its resistance to corrosion. This partnership with steel has remained and the production of stainless steel is now the single largest consumer of primary nickel today. It is also used in the production of many different metal alloys for specialized applications. 2.2.5. Zinc Zinc is commonly mined as a co-product with lead. For zinc, the main market is galvanizing. Its electropositive nature enables metals to be readily galvanized, which gives added protection against corrosion to building structures, including commercial and residential buildings, structures such as bridges, vehicles, machinery, and household equipment. Zinc is a major constituent in brasses and is also used in a wide range of zinc-based chemicals used in agricultural feed supplements and fertilizers, tires, and many consumer products. 10
2.3. Base Metals Smelting Processes 25 The technical processes involved in the extraction and refining of base metals generally proceed as follows in the following diagram. Site-specific flow sheets and process descriptions for existing facilities can be found in section 3.2. The key metal recovery technologies that are used to produce refined metals are 26 : • Pyrometallurgical technologies use heat to separate desired metals from unwanted materials. These processes exploit the differences between constituent oxidation potential, melting point, vapour pressure, density, and/or miscibility when melted. • Hydrometallurgical technologies use differences between constituent’s solubility and/or electrochemical properties while in aqueous acid solutions to separate desired metals from unwanted materials; and • Vapo-metallurgical technologies apply to the Inco Carbonyl Process whereby nickel alloys are treated with carbon monoxide gas to form nickel carbonyl. 25 Environment Canada, Draft Environmental Code of Practice for Base Metals Smelters and Refineries, First Edition, Partial Draft prepared for multi-stakeholder consultations, Revision March 4, 2002, Tabled at: Second National Consultation on the Environmental Performance of the Base Metals Smelting Sector, Ottawa, Ontario, March 7 & 8, 2002 26 Environment Canada, Strategic Options for the Management of Toxic Substances from the Base Metals Smelting Sector - Report of the Stakeholder Consultations, June 23, 1997. URL: http://www.ec.gc.ca/sop/en/index.cfm?actn=s1 11
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORT Multi-pollutant Emissi
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments The principal autho
Page 5 and 6: Summary The purpose of the report i
Page 7 and 8: • Recommendations to address info
Page 9 and 10: • The Minerals and Metals Foundat
Page 11 and 12: The next series of tables illustrat
Page 13 and 14: 1,800.00 1,600.00 1,400.00 1,200.00
Page 15 and 16: S.4 Current emission management pra
Page 17 and 18: − The EPA has started developing
Page 19 and 20: T.1 Technical Options for Emission
Page 25 and 26: The predicted future releases and t
Page 27 and 28: Noranda Gaspé Rest of Sector** Sit
Page 29 and 30: Recommendation #3 It is also recomm
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.8. Leaching ...................
Page 33 and 34: 4.1.11.6. Mercury..................
Page 35 and 36: Figure 35: 2000 Nickel - Air Emissi
Page 37 and 38: Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 39 and 40: 1. Introduction The purpose of the
Page 41 and 42: strong surrogate for fine particles
Page 43 and 44: • These sectors are common to mos
Page 45 and 46: (a) have or may have an immediate o
Page 47: 2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2.1. Sector Def
Page 51 and 52: 2.3.1. Pretreatment Pretreatment of
Page 53 and 54: Metallic impurities either dissolve
Page 55 and 56: 2.4. Environmental Concerns 29 The
Page 57 and 58: sulphur dioxide in the off-gases th
Page 59 and 60: 2.5. Canadian Base Metals Smelters
Page 61 and 62: ammonium sulphate fertilizers. The
Page 63 and 64: The copper smelter uses pyrometallu
Page 65 and 66: copper, zinc, cadmium and indium, a
Page 67 and 68: 2.6.6.2. Noranda Inc., Division CEZ
Page 69 and 70: 2.7. Key Industrial Associations Ex
Page 71 and 72: In terms of tonnage, zinc ranks fir
Page 73 and 74: Table 4: Canadian Base Metals Expor
Page 75 and 76: ased 62 pricing system. In response
Page 77 and 78: The LME has a multi-tiered membersh
Page 79 and 80: The BMSS IT held ten meetings betwe
Page 81 and 82: 3.1.1.2. Smelters Emissions Testing
Page 83 and 84: achieve their commitments, are publ
Page 85 and 86: All the companies mentioned in this
Page 87 and 88: emoved for processing in the Copper
Page 89 and 90: Lead Concentrate Zinc Residue Lead
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.2. Sherritt International Corpo
Page 93 and 94: 3.2.2.5. Cobalt conversion and redu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 4: Sherritt Metals Refinery
Page 97 and 98: The blister copper is then treated
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 6: Hudson Bay Mining and Sme
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 7: Inco Thompson Nickel Smel
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3.2.5. Falconbridge Limited, Kidd M
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electrostatic precipitator dust fro
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Figure 10: Falconbridge Kidd Copper
Page 109 and 110:
3.2.6. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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Figure 12: Falconbridge Sudbury Nic
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from the fluid bed roasters are tre
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 14: Inco Copper Cliff Nickel
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3.2.8. Inco Port Colborne 87 Figure
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3.2.9. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 17: Noranda Horne Copper Sme
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Figure 18: Noranda CEZ Zinc Plant T
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Fugitive emissions from the TBRC op
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3.2.12. Noranda Inc., Division Mine
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Figure 20: Noranda Gaspé Copper Sm
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with water to preserve the environm
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3.3. Analysis of Emissions 3.3.1. T
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Table 6: Historical Trends of Total
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Table 8: Historical Trends of Arsen
Page 139 and 140:
Table 10: Historical Trends of Lead
Page 141 and 142:
Table 12: Historical Trends of Nick
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350 300 250 200 150 100 Total Secto
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1,400.00 1,200.00 1,000.00 800.00 6
Page 147 and 148:
Table 13: Releases of Dioxins and F
Page 149 and 150:
3.4. Other Current Emissions Inform
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Sulphur Dioxide - Air EPI 4500 4000
Page 153 and 154:
Cadium - Air EPI 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
Page 155 and 156:
Mercury- Air EPI 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 157 and 158:
4. CURRENT EMISSION MANAGEMENT PRAC
Page 159 and 160:
The “Alberta Ambient Air Quality
Page 161 and 162:
4.1.9. New Brunswick New Brunswick
Page 163 and 164:
4.1.11.1. Particulate Matter Table
Page 165 and 166:
Table 15: Canadian Ambient Particul
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Sulphur Dioxide Releases from Coppe
Page 169 and 170:
4.1.11.3. Arsenic Table 18 shows th
Page 171 and 172:
4.1.11.5. Lead Table 22 shows the C
Page 173 and 174:
4.1.11.6. Mercury Table 24 shows th
Page 175 and 176:
4.1.11.7. Nickel Table 26 shows the
Page 177 and 178:
New Source Performance Standards (N
Page 179 and 180:
Table 31: US National Emission Stan
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In the permitting process, faciliti
Page 183 and 184:
Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 185 and 186:
4.2.4. Australia Air quality is con
Page 187 and 188:
Table 39: Australia/New South Wales
Page 189 and 190:
4.2.5. Japan Environmental quality
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Sulphur dioxide, particulate matter
Page 193 and 194:
Table 47: Germany Particulate Matte
Page 195 and 196:
Table 51: The Netherlands Sulphur D
Page 197 and 198:
Table 53: France Particulate Matter
Page 199 and 200:
The Environment Protection (Prescri
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Table 60: United Kingdom Releases t
Page 203 and 204:
4.2.12. Other European Countries Ta
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4.3. Best Available Techniques for
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4.4. Options and Preliminary Cost E
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plant. It would be possible to inst
Page 211 and 212:
4.4.2. Inco Limited, Thompson Divis
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4.4.3. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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4.4.4. Inco Limited, Sudbury/Copper
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4.4.5. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
Page 219 and 220:
4.4.6. Noranda Inc., Division Mines
Page 221 and 222:
Table 78: Technical Options for Emi
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Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
Page 225 and 226:
Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
Page 227 and 228:
Noranda Horne Site Option for Reduc
Page 229 and 230:
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 231 and 232:
Appendix A: Health and Environmenta
Page 233 and 234:
List of Acronyms AAQ AAQC ARET BACT
Page 235 and 236:
UN/ECE URL USEPA VCR VOC United Nat
Page 237 and 238:
at the anode and selectively plates
Page 239:
Sinter: Slag: Slag cleaning: Top Bl
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(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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