(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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demand exceeds supply while producer prices, in contrast, have been frozen in several crises by war-production boards or emergency price-control regulations. In the 1960’s, Canada was the dominant nickel-producing country in the world, its two largest nickel producers (Inco and Falconbridge) accounted for 48% of world production. In 1969, the industry was shut down by a prolonged series of strikes. This spurred producers accelerated efforts to expand existing operations and to bring new projects onstream. Between 1969 and 1974, new mines and processing plants were commissioned in Australia, Canada, the Dominican Republic and New Caledonia. The increased capacity resulted in a reduction of Canada’s share of the world market and thus a reduction of its influence on prices. This was a turning point in the history of nickel marketing. On April 23, 1979, nickel contracts were introduced for the first time on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Leading nickel producers opposed the LME pricing mechanism. Nickel business on the LME, however, steadily grew in spite of the producers’ opposition, convincing the producers to reverse their position. Producer participation has increased considerably since 1985. Today, LME prices are the principal pricing mechanism used worldwide by producers and consumers of nickel. 2.8.4.5. Zinc During the first half of the twentieth century, two pricing centres emerged in the US, St.-Louis MO and New York, NY 65 . The New York price was usually higher because it included shipping charges. In the 1970’s, Metals Week became the main pricing medium for zinc in the US and the weighted average price, which is based on daily sales was introduced in 1980. In the 1980’s, US refinery production supplied only about one-third of US demand. As a result, world price became the dominant factor. The world pricing basis for zinc is essentially the London Metal Exchange (LME), which introduced its first zinc contract in 1915. For more that ten years now, the price for zinc remained rather uneventful, reflecting the supply and demand of the market. 2.8.4.6. London Metal Exchange As indicated above, except for cobalt, all of the base metals discussed in this report are traded on the London Metal Exchange (LME) 66 . The next paragraphs described what is the LME and how it works. The origins of the London Metal Exchange can be traced as far back as the opening of the Royal Exchange in 1571. Since its opening in 1877, the main purpose of the LME has been to serve as a futures market. 65 US Geological Survey, Minerals Information Metal Prices in the United States through 1998,. URL: minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices 66 The London Metal Exchange Limited. URL:: http://www.lme.co.uk/ 38
The LME has a multi-tiered membership structure with a current membership of over 100 firms. These are divided into different categories depending on their interest in the Exchange. The main division is between broker members and trade members. The broker members are subdivided into three categories: ring dealing members, associated broker clearing members and associated broker members. The LME operates as a 24-hour market through inter-office trading between its members and customers with defined periods of open-outcry trading between ring dealing members, which takes place on the market floor. The LME also serves as a centre for physical trading and has an international network of approved warehouses. The LME is regulated by the British Treasury under the Financial Services Act of 1985. 39
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FINAL REPORT Multi-pollutant Emissi
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Acknowledgments The principal autho
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Summary The purpose of the report i
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• Recommendations to address info
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• The Minerals and Metals Foundat
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The next series of tables illustrat
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1,800.00 1,600.00 1,400.00 1,200.00
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S.4 Current emission management pra
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− The EPA has started developing
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T.1 Technical Options for Emission
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Page 25 and 26: The predicted future releases and t
Page 27 and 28: Noranda Gaspé Rest of Sector** Sit
Page 29 and 30: Recommendation #3 It is also recomm
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.8. Leaching ...................
Page 33 and 34: 4.1.11.6. Mercury..................
Page 35 and 36: Figure 35: 2000 Nickel - Air Emissi
Page 37 and 38: Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 39 and 40: 1. Introduction The purpose of the
Page 41 and 42: strong surrogate for fine particles
Page 43 and 44: • These sectors are common to mos
Page 45 and 46: (a) have or may have an immediate o
Page 47 and 48: 2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2.1. Sector Def
Page 49 and 50: 2.3. Base Metals Smelting Processes
Page 51 and 52: 2.3.1. Pretreatment Pretreatment of
Page 53 and 54: Metallic impurities either dissolve
Page 55 and 56: 2.4. Environmental Concerns 29 The
Page 57 and 58: sulphur dioxide in the off-gases th
Page 59 and 60: 2.5. Canadian Base Metals Smelters
Page 61 and 62: ammonium sulphate fertilizers. The
Page 63 and 64: The copper smelter uses pyrometallu
Page 65 and 66: copper, zinc, cadmium and indium, a
Page 67 and 68: 2.6.6.2. Noranda Inc., Division CEZ
Page 69 and 70: 2.7. Key Industrial Associations Ex
Page 71 and 72: In terms of tonnage, zinc ranks fir
Page 73 and 74: Table 4: Canadian Base Metals Expor
Page 75: ased 62 pricing system. In response
Page 79 and 80: The BMSS IT held ten meetings betwe
Page 81 and 82: 3.1.1.2. Smelters Emissions Testing
Page 83 and 84: achieve their commitments, are publ
Page 85 and 86: All the companies mentioned in this
Page 87 and 88: emoved for processing in the Copper
Page 89 and 90: Lead Concentrate Zinc Residue Lead
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.2. Sherritt International Corpo
Page 93 and 94: 3.2.2.5. Cobalt conversion and redu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 4: Sherritt Metals Refinery
Page 97 and 98: The blister copper is then treated
Page 99 and 100: Figure 6: Hudson Bay Mining and Sme
Page 101 and 102: Figure 7: Inco Thompson Nickel Smel
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.5. Falconbridge Limited, Kidd M
Page 105 and 106: electrostatic precipitator dust fro
Page 107 and 108: Figure 10: Falconbridge Kidd Copper
Page 109 and 110: 3.2.6. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
Page 111 and 112: Figure 12: Falconbridge Sudbury Nic
Page 113 and 114: from the fluid bed roasters are tre
Page 115 and 116: Figure 14: Inco Copper Cliff Nickel
Page 117 and 118: 3.2.8. Inco Port Colborne 87 Figure
Page 119 and 120: 3.2.9. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
Page 121 and 122: Figure 17: Noranda Horne Copper Sme
Page 123 and 124: Figure 18: Noranda CEZ Zinc Plant T
Page 125 and 126: Fugitive emissions from the TBRC op
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3.2.12. Noranda Inc., Division Mine
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Figure 20: Noranda Gaspé Copper Sm
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with water to preserve the environm
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3.3. Analysis of Emissions 3.3.1. T
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Table 6: Historical Trends of Total
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Table 8: Historical Trends of Arsen
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Table 10: Historical Trends of Lead
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Table 12: Historical Trends of Nick
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350 300 250 200 150 100 Total Secto
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1,400.00 1,200.00 1,000.00 800.00 6
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Table 13: Releases of Dioxins and F
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3.4. Other Current Emissions Inform
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Sulphur Dioxide - Air EPI 4500 4000
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Cadium - Air EPI 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
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Mercury- Air EPI 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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4. CURRENT EMISSION MANAGEMENT PRAC
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The “Alberta Ambient Air Quality
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4.1.9. New Brunswick New Brunswick
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4.1.11.1. Particulate Matter Table
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Table 15: Canadian Ambient Particul
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Sulphur Dioxide Releases from Coppe
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4.1.11.3. Arsenic Table 18 shows th
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4.1.11.5. Lead Table 22 shows the C
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4.1.11.6. Mercury Table 24 shows th
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4.1.11.7. Nickel Table 26 shows the
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New Source Performance Standards (N
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Table 31: US National Emission Stan
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In the permitting process, faciliti
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Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
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4.2.4. Australia Air quality is con
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Table 39: Australia/New South Wales
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4.2.5. Japan Environmental quality
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Sulphur dioxide, particulate matter
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Table 47: Germany Particulate Matte
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Table 51: The Netherlands Sulphur D
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Table 53: France Particulate Matter
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The Environment Protection (Prescri
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Table 60: United Kingdom Releases t
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4.2.12. Other European Countries Ta
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4.3. Best Available Techniques for
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4.4. Options and Preliminary Cost E
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plant. It would be possible to inst
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4.4.2. Inco Limited, Thompson Divis
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4.4.3. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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4.4.4. Inco Limited, Sudbury/Copper
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4.4.5. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
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4.4.6. Noranda Inc., Division Mines
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Table 78: Technical Options for Emi
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Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
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Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
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Noranda Horne Site Option for Reduc
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Appendix A: Health and Environmenta
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List of Acronyms AAQ AAQC ARET BACT
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UN/ECE URL USEPA VCR VOC United Nat
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at the anode and selectively plates
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Sinter: Slag: Slag cleaning: Top Bl
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