(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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concentrations of heavy metals, and present a risk to the environment by the gradual leaching of heavy metals from the residue material. Residues generated during the leaching process are landfilled or stored in a secure site, are stabilized to immobilize the metals, or are sent to another process for recovery of remaining metals of value. 2.4.9. Electrowinning As electrowinning takes place in tank houses open to the atmosphere, oxygen gas or other gas generated during the electrowinning process can entrain the acid or other solvent into the air. 2.4.10. Casting Air emissions of particulate matter and metals arise from the transfer of molten metal to the mold and from the cutting to length of the product with torches. Wastewater effluents are generated during the cooling and cleaning of the hot metal and can contain scale particles and oil. Wastewater is typically treated and reused or recycled. Solid waste is generated from the cutting of the metal but is minor in amount and is recycled within the plant. 2.4.11. Process Off-Gas Conditioning Process off-gas conditioning generates collected dusts and sludges which are either returned to production processes for recovery of metals or are disposed of. The type of off-gas conditioning technology is also of environmental concern. The use of wet ESPs and wet scrubbers results in the cross-media transfer of pollutants in air to water. 20
2.5. Canadian Base Metals Smelters and Refineries As shown in Figure 1, there are thirteen (13) base metals metallurgical complexes in Canada which are located in British Columbia (1), Alberta (1), Manitoba (2), Ontario (4), Québec (4 including Noranda-Gaspé)* and New Brunswick (1). 1 • Trail Fort 2 • Saskatchewan 3 • 4 • Thompson Flin Flon 5 • Timmins 6, 7 Sudbury 9 • Rouyn-Noranda 10, 11 • Montreal 12 • 13• Belledune Murdochville 8 Port Colborne Province Company Site/Location Facility Map # British Columbia Teck Cominco Trail Lead Plant, 1 Zinc Plant Alberta Corefco/Sherritt Fort Saskatchewan Nickel & Cobalt Refinery 2 Manitoba Hudson Bay Flin Flon Copper Smelter, 3 Zinc Plant Inco Thompson Nickel Smelter, 4 Nickel Refinery Ontario Falconbridge Kidd/Timmins Copper Smelter, 5 Copper Refinery, Zinc Plant Falconbridge Sudbury Nickel/Copper Smelter 6 Inco Copper Cliff/Sudbury Nickel Copper Smelter, 7 Copper Refinery, Nickel Refinery Inco Port Colborne Cobalt Refinery 8 Québec Noranda Horne/Rouyn-Noranda Copper Smelter 9 Noranda CEZ/Valleyfield Zinc Plant 10 Noranda CCR/Montréal Copper Refinery 11 Noranda Gaspé/Murdochville* Copper Smelter 12 New Brunswick Noranda Brunswick/Belledune Lead Plant 13 Figure 1: Canadian Base Metals Smelting and Refining Sector 21
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Multi-pollutant Emissi
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgments The principal autho
Page 5 and 6:
Summary The purpose of the report i
Page 7 and 8: • Recommendations to address info
Page 9 and 10: • The Minerals and Metals Foundat
Page 11 and 12: The next series of tables illustrat
Page 13 and 14: 1,800.00 1,600.00 1,400.00 1,200.00
Page 15 and 16: S.4 Current emission management pra
Page 17 and 18: − The EPA has started developing
Page 19 and 20: T.1 Technical Options for Emission
Page 25 and 26: The predicted future releases and t
Page 27 and 28: Noranda Gaspé Rest of Sector** Sit
Page 29 and 30: Recommendation #3 It is also recomm
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.8. Leaching ...................
Page 33 and 34: 4.1.11.6. Mercury..................
Page 35 and 36: Figure 35: 2000 Nickel - Air Emissi
Page 37 and 38: Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 39 and 40: 1. Introduction The purpose of the
Page 41 and 42: strong surrogate for fine particles
Page 43 and 44: • These sectors are common to mos
Page 45 and 46: (a) have or may have an immediate o
Page 47 and 48: 2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2.1. Sector Def
Page 49 and 50: 2.3. Base Metals Smelting Processes
Page 51 and 52: 2.3.1. Pretreatment Pretreatment of
Page 53 and 54: Metallic impurities either dissolve
Page 55 and 56: 2.4. Environmental Concerns 29 The
Page 57: sulphur dioxide in the off-gases th
Page 61 and 62: ammonium sulphate fertilizers. The
Page 63 and 64: The copper smelter uses pyrometallu
Page 65 and 66: copper, zinc, cadmium and indium, a
Page 67 and 68: 2.6.6.2. Noranda Inc., Division CEZ
Page 69 and 70: 2.7. Key Industrial Associations Ex
Page 71 and 72: In terms of tonnage, zinc ranks fir
Page 73 and 74: Table 4: Canadian Base Metals Expor
Page 75 and 76: ased 62 pricing system. In response
Page 77 and 78: The LME has a multi-tiered membersh
Page 79 and 80: The BMSS IT held ten meetings betwe
Page 81 and 82: 3.1.1.2. Smelters Emissions Testing
Page 83 and 84: achieve their commitments, are publ
Page 85 and 86: All the companies mentioned in this
Page 87 and 88: emoved for processing in the Copper
Page 89 and 90: Lead Concentrate Zinc Residue Lead
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.2. Sherritt International Corpo
Page 93 and 94: 3.2.2.5. Cobalt conversion and redu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 4: Sherritt Metals Refinery
Page 97 and 98: The blister copper is then treated
Page 99 and 100: Figure 6: Hudson Bay Mining and Sme
Page 101 and 102: Figure 7: Inco Thompson Nickel Smel
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.5. Falconbridge Limited, Kidd M
Page 105 and 106: electrostatic precipitator dust fro
Page 107 and 108: Figure 10: Falconbridge Kidd Copper
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3.2.6. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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Figure 12: Falconbridge Sudbury Nic
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from the fluid bed roasters are tre
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Figure 14: Inco Copper Cliff Nickel
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3.2.8. Inco Port Colborne 87 Figure
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3.2.9. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
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Figure 17: Noranda Horne Copper Sme
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Figure 18: Noranda CEZ Zinc Plant T
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Fugitive emissions from the TBRC op
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3.2.12. Noranda Inc., Division Mine
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Figure 20: Noranda Gaspé Copper Sm
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with water to preserve the environm
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3.3. Analysis of Emissions 3.3.1. T
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Table 6: Historical Trends of Total
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Table 8: Historical Trends of Arsen
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Table 10: Historical Trends of Lead
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Table 12: Historical Trends of Nick
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350 300 250 200 150 100 Total Secto
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1,400.00 1,200.00 1,000.00 800.00 6
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Table 13: Releases of Dioxins and F
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3.4. Other Current Emissions Inform
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Sulphur Dioxide - Air EPI 4500 4000
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Cadium - Air EPI 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
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Mercury- Air EPI 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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4. CURRENT EMISSION MANAGEMENT PRAC
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The “Alberta Ambient Air Quality
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4.1.9. New Brunswick New Brunswick
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4.1.11.1. Particulate Matter Table
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Table 15: Canadian Ambient Particul
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Sulphur Dioxide Releases from Coppe
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4.1.11.3. Arsenic Table 18 shows th
Page 171 and 172:
4.1.11.5. Lead Table 22 shows the C
Page 173 and 174:
4.1.11.6. Mercury Table 24 shows th
Page 175 and 176:
4.1.11.7. Nickel Table 26 shows the
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New Source Performance Standards (N
Page 179 and 180:
Table 31: US National Emission Stan
Page 181 and 182:
In the permitting process, faciliti
Page 183 and 184:
Table 34: World Bank Guidelines for
Page 185 and 186:
4.2.4. Australia Air quality is con
Page 187 and 188:
Table 39: Australia/New South Wales
Page 189 and 190:
4.2.5. Japan Environmental quality
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Sulphur dioxide, particulate matter
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Table 47: Germany Particulate Matte
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Table 51: The Netherlands Sulphur D
Page 197 and 198:
Table 53: France Particulate Matter
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The Environment Protection (Prescri
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Table 60: United Kingdom Releases t
Page 203 and 204:
4.2.12. Other European Countries Ta
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4.3. Best Available Techniques for
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4.4. Options and Preliminary Cost E
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plant. It would be possible to inst
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4.4.2. Inco Limited, Thompson Divis
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4.4.3. Falconbridge, Sudbury Divisi
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4.4.4. Inco Limited, Sudbury/Copper
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4.4.5. Noranda Inc., Horne Smelter,
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4.4.6. Noranda Inc., Division Mines
Page 221 and 222:
Table 78: Technical Options for Emi
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Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
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Site Option for Reduction By 2008 O
Page 227 and 228:
Noranda Horne Site Option for Reduc
Page 229 and 230:
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Appendix A: Health and Environmenta
Page 233 and 234:
List of Acronyms AAQ AAQC ARET BACT
Page 235 and 236:
UN/ECE URL USEPA VCR VOC United Nat
Page 237 and 238:
at the anode and selectively plates
Page 239:
Sinter: Slag: Slag cleaning: Top Bl
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(MERAF) for the Base Metals Smelting Sector - CCME

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