Brothers for Resistance and Rescue 1 - CENDO

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“Eretz-Israel Haovedet” The Revisionists “Mizrahi” From that period of time onwards Zionist movements and organizations were founded, with thousands of members. It is worth mentioning that the Zionist movement in Hungary never had widespread support but despite that, it won the hearts of the youngsters who realized the Zionist goal, aliya. Brothers for Resistance and Rescue 12
THE UNDERGROUND ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT IN HUNGARY DURING WW II Hungary was the first European country that, already in 1920, passed an anti-Jewish law, known as “Numerus clausus” (restricted number), in Parliament. This law limited the number of Jews who could be admitted to institutes of higher education in Hungary. The Regent, Miklós Horthy, was a moderate anti-Semite but the Hungarian Jews, about 450,000 people (about 6% of the population) felt safe under his rule in spite of the discriminating laws against them that were passed from 1938. Until 1941, when South Slovakia, Carpatho-Ruthenia, North Transylvania and a region from Yugoslavia were annexed to Hungary, there were about 900,000 Jews in Hungary. The Second World War broke out in 1939 and from June 1941 Hungary fought with the Germans against the Soviet Union on the east front. At the end of the same year Hungary declared war to the Allied Forces: Great Britain, France and other countries. In Europe, occupied by the Germans, the extermination of Jews had started, but until 1944 the Jews of Hungary were spared. Although some local events occurred in various areas of the country during which Jews were murdered and thousands of Jewish men were enlisted in forced labor units, there were no deportations to extermination camps. The activities of the Zionist youth movements were forbidden in the early 1940’s. In 1941 the first refugees started arriving from Poland and in 1942 from Slovakia. Most of them were young people, members of the Zionist youth movements in their country who found refuge with comrades of their movement in Budapest. The refugees needed accommodation, documents, food, clothes and either jobs or hiding places. These needs were fulfilled by the members of the Hungarian movements. The dramatic change in the fate of Hungarian Jews took place in 1944. The defeat of the Germans and its allies was certain and the Red Army had already arrived at the Hungarian border. The Hungarian Regent, Horthy, intended to split from the alliance with Germany. The Germans, whose agents could be found in all the Hungarian governmental institutions, knew in time about this intention and in order to avoid it they invaded Hungary on 19.3.1944. Following the German army, Adolf Eichman and his staff also arrived in order to organize the extermination of the Jews. One after the other rules were published according to which the possessions and freedom of the Jews were taken away. The deportations to the extermination camps from country towns and villages took place between 15.5.1944 and 28.6.1944. Brothers for Resistance and Rescue 13
Page 1 and 2: Brothers for Resistance and Rescue
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © The Society for the Re
Page 5 and 6: Contents INTRODUCTION .............
Page 7 and 8: several neutral countries, especial
Page 9 and 10: I wish to express my special thanks
Page 11: Herzl himself visited Hungary a few
Page 15 and 16: estimated that about 15,000 Jews cr
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENTS AND
Page 19 and 20: Hatzioni” movement, which at the
Page 21 and 22: Communists The Hungarian communists
Page 23 and 24: of Tony, who had a Jewish girlfrien
Page 25 and 26: The two were about to leave the hou
Page 27 and 28: preparation for aliya was given to
Page 29 and 30: was told. “We contacted everyone
Page 31 and 32: Adler Mordehai Adler György Born i
Page 33 and 34: Agmon Efraim (Efra) Teichman Ernő
Page 35 and 36: In the winter of 1944-1945 she was
Page 37 and 38: Alpan Tova Diamant Gertrude Born on
Page 39 and 40: Amir Miriam Spinner Mária “Marcs
Page 41 and 42: Arbel Yitzhak 'Bukszi' Baumöhl Ist
Page 43 and 44: Asael Tzvi Auslaender Herman ‘Nag
Page 45 and 46: Garany detention camp, 1943. Member
Page 47 and 48: Avidor Yardena Polák Gizella Born
Page 49 and 50: for refugees in one of the capital
Page 51 and 52: law. When the truth emerged, the Ge
Page 53 and 54: In the summer of 1943 Joseph contac
Page 55 and 56: he met Rafi Benshalom, who enlisted
Page 57 and 58: The Hungarian translation published
Page 59 and 60: helped free Jews from forced labor
Page 61 and 62: August 1944 he tried to cross the b
Page 63 and 64:
Adonyahu traveled to Debrecen again
Page 65 and 66:
of Jewish refugees over the border
Page 67 and 68:
when it became part of the “World
Page 69 and 70:
Braun Yitzhak Braun Ferenc Born in
Page 71 and 72:
After the war he made aliya. He liv
Page 73 and 74:
the fascist police. He was sentence
Page 75 and 76:
November 1944 Amir organized a refu
Page 77 and 78:
uilt a stock of military equipment,
Page 79 and 80:
(Palestine) and joined the hahshara
Page 81 and 82:
families who managed to escape from
Page 83 and 84:
Members of "Bnei Akiva", 1943. From
Page 85 and 86:
Fast Shmuel Fast Miklós Born in Ep
Page 87 and 88:
activities of the movement. At the
Page 89 and 90:
Fleischer György Member of the “
Page 91 and 92:
his wife, Malka Baumøhl. In Kassa
Page 93 and 94:
Fraenkel Avraham Samuel Benjamin Fr
Page 95 and 96:
Fraenkel Mordehai Fraenkel Miklós
Page 97 and 98:
Freiman Tzvi Freiman Tamás Born in
Page 99 and 100:
movement and with the aliya of youn
Page 101 and 102:
immigrants from the ships to the sh
Page 103 and 104:
Dr. Galor Eliyahu Dr. Gellért Endr
Page 105 and 106:
Bader. Her name was given because d
Page 107 and 108:
of the tiyul but instead, in June 1
Page 109 and 110:
Goldberger Yaakov Goldberger Ottó
Page 111 and 112:
daring operation of members of the
Page 113 and 114:
Goldstein Shoshanna Roth Ágnes Bor
Page 115 and 116:
Grossman Alexander Sándor 'Sanyi'
Page 117 and 118:
"Habonim" outing, 1943. Joseph Gár
Page 119 and 120:
Grosz Yitzhak Grosz Ernő Born in D
Page 121 and 122:
Grünwald David 'Coca' Grünwald B
Page 123 and 124:
an office for the management of eng
Page 125 and 126:
Members of "Dror", outing in the hi
Page 127 and 128:
On October 31 st his camp was attac
Page 129 and 130:
papers. Hadasa stayed in the town o
Page 131 and 132:
Heffner Dézi Heffner-Reiner Dézi
Page 133 and 134:
Herman Shlomo Herman Slomo Ladislav
Page 135 and 136:
Hőnig Braha 'Bruhi' Hőnig Borbál
Page 137 and 138:
Izsák Hava Izsák Éva Born in Sza
Page 139 and 140:
Prof. Kadari Menahem Tzvi Schwarcz
Page 141 and 142:
Kama Yirmiyahu Kemény Jackie Born
Page 143 and 144:
unker has been discovered, and Avra
Page 145 and 146:
Katz Imre Born in Nyiregyháza on 1
Page 147 and 148:
"Hanoar Hatzioni" at the Balatonbog
Page 149 and 150:
Kilon Moshe Klein Tibor Born in Bud
Page 151 and 152:
Klein Joli Mansworth Joli Member of
Page 153 and 154:
Knapp Menahem Knapp Béla Born in
Page 155 and 156:
and through this organization expan
Page 157 and 158:
Krausz Moshe Krausz Miklós Born in
Page 159 and 160:
Langer Miklós 'Miki' Born in Popra
Page 161 and 162:
uniform, he took Jewish families fr
Page 163 and 164:
Members of "Dror Habonim" ("Hehalut
Page 165 and 166:
Levavi Dina Komlós Karolina Born i
Page 167 and 168:
Levi Simon Löwi Simon Born in 1926
Page 169 and 170:
Lisszauer Avri Lisszauer Zoltán Bo
Page 171 and 172:
Cross patrols and giving assistance
Page 173 and 174:
Margalit Joseph Markstein József B
Page 175 and 176:
opened a new channel of cooperation
Page 177 and 178:
Minervi Hanna Wertheimer Edit Born
Page 179 and 180:
on missions to the country towns ca
Page 181 and 182:
comrade who came to the camp where
Page 183 and 184:
Offner Róbert 'Fifi' Born in Kassa
Page 185 and 186:
Palgi Joel Nussbecher Emil Born in
Page 187 and 188:
Cross and was sent to the children
Page 189 and 190:
Prizant Tzvi Prizant Herman Born in
Page 191 and 192:
Reichman Ezra Reichman Ernő Born i
Page 193 and 194:
forged papers from underground acti
Page 195 and 196:
Révész Yirmiyahu Révész István
Page 197 and 198:
Rip Imre Born in Újvidék (Novi Sa
Page 199 and 200:
Ronel Aliza 'Lulu' Barmat Aliza Bor
Page 201 and 202:
Ya’akov participated in the Inter
Page 203 and 204:
Rosenberg Moshe Born in Csenger on
Page 205 and 206:
In May 1944 Yeshayahu enlisted in a
Page 207 and 208:
Dr. Roth Stephen Dr. Roth Sigfried
Page 209 and 210:
Sadeh Shlomo Szabó Tamás Born in
Page 211 and 212:
Salomon Hava Barmat Éva Born in É
Page 213 and 214:
Schechter David Born in Técső (Ty
Page 215 and 216:
Schlesinger Yaffe Gabriel Born in 1
Page 217 and 218:
Schwartz Shaye Schwartz Frigyes Bor
Page 219 and 220:
Shaanan Haim Stern Heni Born in Ér
Page 221 and 222:
Shapira Moshe Shapira Mór Born in
Page 223 and 224:
units where foreigners served. In t
Page 225 and 226:
Somló László Spitzer László Bo
Page 227 and 228:
Spitzer Lea Neuwirth Edit Born in N
Page 229 and 230:
away from the camp and, together wi
Page 231 and 232:
he was incarcerated in the prisoner
Page 233 and 234:
front. He was arrested in his apart
Page 235 and 236:
Szántó Shmuel Szántó Andor Mikl
Page 237 and 238:
Szenes Hanna Szenes Anikó Born in
Page 239 and 240:
Tordai Sándor Dr. Tischler Sándor
Page 241 and 242:
Tzahor Miriam Weisz Eisenberg Mirja
Page 243 and 244:
Vardi Esther Sechter Edit Born in T
Page 245 and 246:
Weil Shraga Weil Ferenc Ferdinánd
Page 247 and 248:
Weisz Eliezer Weisz László Born i
Page 249 and 250:
Weisz Moshe Born in Munkács (Mukac
Page 251 and 252:
hurt in her neck by a sharp block o
Page 253 and 254:
Weisz Yirmiyahu 'Yirmi' Born in Tó
Page 255 and 256:
Wiesel Haim Wiesel Bernát Born in
Page 257 and 258:
Dr. Yakobi Menahem Jakubovics Emil
Page 259 and 260:
Zohar Kálmán Sonnenschein Kálmá
Page 261 and 262:
EPILOGUE This book is dedicated to
Page 263 and 264:
Hahshara: Hebrew for training & pre
Page 265 and 266:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) A Hasomér Hacair a
Page 267 and 268:
32. Chava Eichler & Yehuda Talmi, H
Page 269 and 270:
Index of Names Adler Betzalel .....
Page 271 and 272:
Grünwald David 'Coca'.............
Page 273 and 274:
Sajó Eli .........................
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