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Figure 3. Most probable number and membrane filtering counts of faecal pollution indicators in wastewater samples at outfall pipe. BAE: Brazilian Antarctic Expedition. containing sediment, water and sewage treatment plant effluent incubated at 10 °C. However the presence of indicators in the water and sediment samples studied can be derived not only from human but also from animal faeces. For instance, Lisle et al. (2004) confirmed the presence of C. perfringens in Weddel Sea scats and Wright et al. (2009) detected an average of 3.3 × 10 5 CFU/g enterococci in birds of a study recreational beach in Florida, USA. All this considered, the adaptation of molecular techniques for the detection of faecal contamination in Antarctic samples seems to be an alternative to be considered for future studies. Some examples include the use of PCR and qPCR techniques with genes related to coliform and enterococci groups as described by Bej et al. (1990) and Colford et al. (2012). Even though the change in enumeration methods between BAEs XXIX and XXX may affect data comparisons, results of the analysis of the affluent wastewater did not show great differences during and between expeditions (Table 2). The populations of faecal indicators reflect the composition of the sewage produced in EACF, which is coherent to composition of domestic wastewater in general, with higher counts of coliforms and enterococci followed by clostridia (Leclerc et al., 1977). Counts at the effluent of the sewage treatment plant were more variable (Table 2 and Figure 3), as expected, once they are related to the flow of sewage produced in the station. The highest counts of coliforms (1,6 × 10 9 and 9,2 × 10 8 NMP/100 mL) were actually observed on 9 January 2011, when there were 150 people in the station, about twice the regular population at EACF. Sewage secondary treatment is usually responsible for 60 to 99% coliforms removal (von Sperling, 2005). However, removal efficiencies calculated for the EACF plant (Table 2) showed that although the secondary treatment led to reduction of Enterococcus sp. populations (61,05 to 91,50%), no coliform removal occurred. Clostridia is a spore forming group of bacteria, which may explain the low removal values of about 30% observed in some analysis. The introduction of a tertiary treatment, represented by UV disinfection was determinant for removal of microorganisms from the effluent, especially the coliforms, but high amounts of 116 | Annual Activity Report 2011
microorganisms are still discharged and can be detected in the soil near the sewage treatment plant outfall in concentrations in the order of 10 4 to 10 6 CFU/100 g. For that reason, improvements in the system should be made to enhance removal of microorganisms from the effluent. Determination of nutrients and COD in effluent wastewater (Table 2) showed lower ammonia, total phosphorus and COD values than expected for regular domestic wastes (von Sperling, 2005). However, nutrient concentrations increased along wastewater treatment stages and COD removal efficiency was only 20.17%. Despite being preliminary data (determinations were carried out in only one sample), values obtained indicate that the process could be optimized to perform more efficiently. Enhancing treatment performance would also contribute to increase inactivation rates of microbial contaminants by the UV disinfection system, since the presence of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, color and organic compounds protect microorganisms by absorbing / scattering the UV light (Bitton, 1994). Conclusions Enumeration of faecal indicators in sediment and water samples revealed low populations with widespread distribution, as observed in previous work, indicating that influence of animal faeces cannot be discarded and for that reason impact of human activities in the studied area is not unequivocally detected. A first assessment of the EACF sewage treatment plant revealed that sewage produced in the research station has faecal indicators’ densities compatible to domestic sewages but lower contents of nutrients and organic matter (as indicated by chemical oxygen demand) than typical domestic wastewater. According to preliminary data generated in the present work, the treatment plant removed about 20% COD, but no nutrient removal was observed. Removal efficiency of coliforms and enterococci varied from 84 to 98,7% after UV light disinfection, but discharged effluent still contained up to 10 6 indicators CFU/100 mL and 10 4 to 10 6 CFU/100 g were detected in soil samples near the discharge area. Although impact of wastewater discharge seems to remain restricted to the area of discharge, optimization of the process is desirable to attend to environmental protection goals for Antarctic ecosystems. Acknowledgements This work integrates the National Institute of Science and Technology Antarctic Environmental Research (INCT-APA) that receive scientific and financial supports of the National Council for Research and Development (CNPq process: n° 574018/2008-5) and Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ n° E-16/170.023/2008). The authors also acknowledge the support of the Brazilian Ministries of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), of Environment (MMA) and the Inter-Ministerial Commission for Resources of the Sea (CIRM). References Bej, A.K.; Steffan,R.J.; Dicesare, J.; Haff, L. & Atlas, R.M. (1990). Detection of coliform bacteria in water by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gene Probes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(2): 307-314. Bitton, G. (1994). Wastewater Microbiology, Nova Iorque:Wiley-Liss, Inc. 478 p. Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental – CETESB (1978). NT-08 Análises microbiológicas de águas. São Paulo. Colford, J.M.; Schiff, K.C.; Griffith, J.F.; Yau, V.; Arnold, B.F.; Wright, C.C.; Gruber, J.S.; Wade, T.J.; Burns, S.; Hayes, J.; McGee, C.; Gold, M.; Cao, Y.; Noble, R.T.; Haugland, R. & Weisberg, S.B. (2012). Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water. Water Research, 46: 2176-2186. Ferguson, D.M.; Moore, D.F.; Getrich, M.A. & Zhowandai, M.H. (2005). Enumeration and speciation of enterococci found in marine and intertidal sediments and coastal water in Southern California. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(3): 598-608. Science Highlights - Thematic Area 3 | 117
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Annual Activity Report 2011 Expedie
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Cataloguing Card I59a Annual Activi
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PRESENTATION National Institute of
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6 | Annual Activity Report 2011
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Thematic Research Areas The Researc
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introduction Advances In Brazilian
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of soil contamination. At present,
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THEMATIC AREA 1 ANTARCTIC ATMOSPHER
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One of the most important propertie
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1 ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN A
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the F2 layer critical frequency par
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with the Gleissberg cycle (~90 year
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2 MESOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES OBSERVE
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of 2011 (now under analysis). The h
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3 SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEM ASSOCIATE
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a b c Figure 2. Wind field daily av
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4 INFLUENCE OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE
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and New Zealand (Brinksma et al., 1
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of Science, Technology and Innovati
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a b Figure 1. South tower of the Br
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a b c d e f g Figure 3. Diurnal var
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and infrared gas analyzer were setu
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THEMATIC AREA 2 IMPACT OF GLOBAL CH
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were widespread, reaching latitudes
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GPS to reference the points in an a
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Figure 2 can suggest that the 6 pat
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Materials and Methods Phytossociolo
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References Bednarek-Ochyra, H.; Van
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level and parent material); vegetat
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the soil organic matter levels. The
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4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MOSS SPECI
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Figure 1. The most frequent moss fo
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Page 70 and 71: of apothecia or perithecia) were ma
Page 72 and 73: Acknowledgements This work integrat
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Page 76 and 77: completely smooth hymenophore (Ager
Page 78 and 79: Results The average SOI presented a
Page 80 and 81: Table 1. ANCOVA results of demograp
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Page 98 and 99: 1 TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PH, DISSOL
Page 100 and 101: Results In Table 1 we show the ocea
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Page 106 and 107: a b c d Figure 2. Variations at dif
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Page 110 and 111: a b Figure 2. Mean numbers of holop
Page 112 and 113: Discussion Larval forms are common
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Page 116 and 117: Presence of C. perfringens in DCRM
Page 120 and 121: Leclerc, H.; Mossel, D. A.; Trinel.
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1. Map of the study region w
Page 124 and 125: Fourteen n-alkanols were identified
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Page 128 and 129: treatment procedures that clean the
Page 130 and 131: Figure 2. Fecal sterols in marine s
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Page 138 and 139: of humans (Bargagli et al., 1998).
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Page 144 and 145: stations. This alteration acts as a
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a b c d Figure 2. Taxonomic details
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McInnes, S.J.; Chown, S.L.; Dartnal
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THEMATIC AREA 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAG
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1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE AND PS
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a b Figure 1. EACF acoustic mapping
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increases to 55 dB (A) the speech r
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2 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR ALDEHYDES IN T
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filtered and stored in vials, below
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formaldehyde concentration too. Des
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3 RESULTS OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT IN
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Figure 1. Requirements of ISO 14.00
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4 BIOREMEDIATION OF THE DIESEL-CONT
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Figure 1. Soil sampling points in t
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Bacteria a Archaea b c Microeukaryo
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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES D
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Informative and educational materia
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6. T-shirts: for each exhibition, t
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FACTS AND FIGURES Human Resources:
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publications Papers Bageston, J.V.;
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Fanticele, F. B. Avaliação de con
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e-mails inct - apa reserach team Th
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Dr. Márcia Caruso Bícego (IOUSP)
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Tecnologista Heber Passos (INPE/INC
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Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Te
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