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13 TRACKING NON-NATIVE SPECIES IN THE ANTARCTIC MARINE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT Andrea de Oliveira Ribeiro Junqueira 1,* , Ana Carolina Fortes Bastos 1 , Bruna Rachel Rocha 1 1 Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, bloco A, sala 089, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil *e-mail: ajunq@biologia.ufrj.br Abstract: Antarctica is not as isolated as once thought. Although persistent and invasive species have not been detected in the marine environment, some transient species have been. In the present study we investigate the biogeographical patterns of 529 benthic species of 5 target phyla recorded in the Admiralty Bay considering that it is an important tool for the identification of species origin. Most species of Admiralty Bay of the studied phyla are endemic to Sub Antarctica and Antarctica. The second highest percentage was of species with continuous distribution. Chordata and Annelida presented the highest number of disjoint species. However most disjoint species predominate in Antarctica and Sub Antarctica indicating their origin in the Southern Ocean. Cosmopolitan patterns appear to be correlated to taxonomic misidentification or to the occurrence of cryptic species that are being revealed by molecular studies. Only a few disjoint species deserve further investigation. Keywords: bioinvasion, biogeographical patterns, endemism Introduction Bioinvasion means the movement of species into an area beyond their natural range, as a result of human activity. In Antarctica this includes movement of species between biogeographic zones. The main barrier to introductions of non indigenous species (NIS) in the Southern Ocean is the physical dissimilarity between donor and recipient areas. There are no records of persistent and invasive non indigenous species in the Antarctic marine environment. So, why are we concerned about bioinvasion in maritime Antarctica? We know now that Antarctica is not as isolated as once thought (Clarke et al., 2005). Non native organisms including terrestrial invertebrates and plants, marine Crustacean (adult and larvae) and algal dense mats of an introduced species (Enteromorpha intestinalis) have already been found in the Antarctic environment (Frenot et al., 2005). The rapid regional warming of the Antarctic Peninsula during the last 50 years also leads to more favorable conditions of establishment of non indigenous species (Convey, 2006). Another factor that influences bioinvasion rates is the transport of people and goods that are increasing due to logistic, scientific, fisheries and tourism activities every year. Finally, non native species is the highest priority issue in the CEP (Committee on Environmental Protection) five year work plan highlighting that we need to be proactive. Carlton (2009) listed 12 potential sources of errors that have led to invader underestimation. The lag time in recognizing that an introduced species has been mistakenly redescribed ranges from months to over 100 years. Although two hundred terrestrial plants and animals have been recognized as introduced in the sub Antarctic islands there are no records for the marine environment. Considering these facts, the investigation of biogeographical patterns is an important tool for the identification of species origin. This study has investigated biogeographical patterns of benthic species recorded in Admiralty Bay. 158 | Annual Activity Report 2011
Materials and Methods The study of species distribution focused on species of five target phyla (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Annelida, Artropoda and Chordata) found in Admiralty Bay and are available in a list at the site www.abbed.uni.lodz.pl, referring to the survey conducted by Sicinski et al. (2011). The study was made using the online database OBIS – Ocean Biogeography Information System (OBIS, 2012) and GBIF – Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 2012). According to the distribution pattern in marine biogeographic zones proposed by Rass (1986), species were classified as: I) cosmopolitan: for those of wide distribution and that are present in at least three ocean basins; II) continuous: for species located in adjacent biogeographic areas (but at a lower rate than required for classification as cosmopolitan), III) disjoint: species that have occurrences in distinct biogeographic regions (separated by areas of non-occurrence); IV) endemic: for species distributed within the boundaries of the Southern Ocean (Sub Antarctica and Antarctica). Results The number of macrozoobenthos taxa of the phylum Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata recorded by Sicinski et al. (2011) was 603. In this study, we analyzed the distribution pattern of taxa identified at species level, totalling 529 species (87.7%). The phylum Arthropoda showed the largest number of taxa (257), proving to be the one with the greatest biodiversity in the marine environment of Admiralty Bay from the phyla studied. The phylum Chordata registered the lowest number of taxa (16). Most species of Admiralty Bay phyla studied are endemic to Sub Antarctica and Antarctica (Figure 1). The highest percentage of endemic species was found to the phylum Echinodermata. The second highest percentage was of species with continuous distribution. The phylum Chordata had the highest percentage of species with this distribution. Most cosmopolitan species were from the phyla Annelida. The percentage of disjoint species of Chordata and Annelida were the highest among the phyla studied. Some species were not found in databases, and the phylum Annelida presented the highest percentage of species with no data (Figure 1). Cosmopolitan (Table 1) and Disjoint (Table 2) species were classified according to their dominance pattern in Antarctica, Sub Antarctica, South America and other bioregions. Discussion The introduction of a species is not always documented. Species that were introduced many years ago (historical introductions) are already in complete equilibrium with the native biota (Villac et al., 2008). Cosmopolitan species are often classified as cryptogenic, species that cannot be recognized as native or introduced (Carlton, 2009). In NIS surveys cryptogenic species are often indicated as potential introduced species to avoid underestimation of bioinvasion under a precautionary approach. Figure 1. Distribution patterns of the 539 benthic species of Admiralty Bay of five target phyla (Mollusca, Echoinodermata, Annelida, Artropoda and Chordata). Science Highlights - Thematic Area 3 | 159
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Annual Activity Report 2011 Expedie
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Cataloguing Card I59a Annual Activi
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PRESENTATION National Institute of
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6 | Annual Activity Report 2011
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Thematic Research Areas The Researc
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introduction Advances In Brazilian
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of soil contamination. At present,
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THEMATIC AREA 1 ANTARCTIC ATMOSPHER
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One of the most important propertie
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1 ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN A
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the F2 layer critical frequency par
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with the Gleissberg cycle (~90 year
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2 MESOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES OBSERVE
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of 2011 (now under analysis). The h
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3 SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEM ASSOCIATE
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a b c Figure 2. Wind field daily av
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4 INFLUENCE OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE
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and New Zealand (Brinksma et al., 1
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of Science, Technology and Innovati
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a b Figure 1. South tower of the Br
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a b c d e f g Figure 3. Diurnal var
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and infrared gas analyzer were setu
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THEMATIC AREA 2 IMPACT OF GLOBAL CH
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were widespread, reaching latitudes
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GPS to reference the points in an a
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Figure 2 can suggest that the 6 pat
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Materials and Methods Phytossociolo
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References Bednarek-Ochyra, H.; Van
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level and parent material); vegetat
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the soil organic matter levels. The
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4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MOSS SPECI
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Figure 1. The most frequent moss fo
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Olech, M. (1996). Human impact on t
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of apothecia or perithecia) were ma
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Acknowledgements This work integrat
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(Figure 1). There were found two sp
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completely smooth hymenophore (Ager
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Results The average SOI presented a
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Table 1. ANCOVA results of demograp
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8 RESPONSES OF AN ANTARCTIC KELP GU
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Figure 2. Average number of Kelp Gu
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9 Population fluctuation of Pygosce
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winter habitat selection (Trivelpie
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10 FORAGING DISTRIBUTION OF AN ANTA
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December and January) with a Repeat
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THEMATIC AREA 3 Impact of human act
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these two types of sewage markers,
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1 TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PH, DISSOL
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Results In Table 1 we show the ocea
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Robakiewicz, M. & Rakusa-Suszczewsk
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we show the results from early summ
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a b c d Figure 2. Variations at dif
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3 SUMMER VARIATION OF ZOOPLANKTON C
Page 110 and 111: a b Figure 2. Mean numbers of holop
Page 112 and 113: Discussion Larval forms are common
Page 114 and 115: 4 ASSESSMENT OF FAECAL POLLUTION IN
Page 116 and 117: Presence of C. perfringens in DCRM
Page 118 and 119: Figure 3. Most probable number and
Page 120 and 121: Leclerc, H.; Mossel, D. A.; Trinel.
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1. Map of the study region w
Page 124 and 125: Fourteen n-alkanols were identified
Page 126 and 127: Acknowledgements This work integrat
Page 128 and 129: treatment procedures that clean the
Page 130 and 131: Figure 2. Fecal sterols in marine s
Page 132 and 133: 7 FRACTIONATION OF TRACE METALS AND
Page 134 and 135: a b Figure 1. Trace element mobile
Page 136 and 137: the National Council for Research a
Page 138 and 139: of humans (Bargagli et al., 1998).
Page 140 and 141: Farías, S.; Smichowski, P.; Velez,
Page 142 and 143: Materials and Methods In Admiralty
Page 144 and 145: stations. This alteration acts as a
Page 146 and 147: 10 A baseline studies on plasmatic
Page 148 and 149: higher than ECO and PP, where as to
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Page 152 and 153: Figure 1. Activity of enzymes hexok
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Page 156 and 157: (Steneck et al., 2002), consisting
Page 158 and 159: Munnidae, Plakarthidae, Jaeropsidae
Page 162 and 163: Table 1. Percentage of records in t
Page 164 and 165: References Carlton, J.T. (2009). De
Page 166 and 167: liverworts, lichens, algaes (Smykla
Page 168 and 169: a b c d Figure 2. Taxonomic details
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Page 172 and 173: THEMATIC AREA 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAG
Page 174 and 175: 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE AND PS
Page 176 and 177: a b Figure 1. EACF acoustic mapping
Page 178 and 179: increases to 55 dB (A) the speech r
Page 180 and 181: 2 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR ALDEHYDES IN T
Page 182 and 183: filtered and stored in vials, below
Page 184 and 185: formaldehyde concentration too. Des
Page 186 and 187: 3 RESULTS OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT IN
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Page 190 and 191: 4 BIOREMEDIATION OF THE DIESEL-CONT
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Page 194 and 195: Bacteria a Archaea b c Microeukaryo
Page 196 and 197: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES D
Page 198 and 199: Informative and educational materia
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Page 202 and 203: FACTS AND FIGURES Human Resources:
Page 204 and 205: publications Papers Bageston, J.V.;
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Dr. Márcia Caruso Bícego (IOUSP)
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Tecnologista Heber Passos (INPE/INC
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Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Te
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