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of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), of Environment (MMA) and Inter-Ministry Commission for Sea Resources (CIRM). Acknowledgements also to PIBIC/UFSM-CNPq/MCTI and CAPES for fellowships, NASA/TOMS and NCEP/NCAR for the data, and NOAA for HYSPLIT model. References Brinksma, E.J.; Meijer, Y.J.; Connor, B.J.; Manney, G.L.; Bergwerff, J.B.; Bodeker, G.E.; Boyd, I.S.; Liley, J.B.; Hogervorst, W.; Hovenier, J.W.; Livesey, N.J. & Swart, D.P.J. (1998). Analysis of record-low ozone values during the 1997 winter over Lauder, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters. 25(15):2785-2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL52218 Danielsen, E.F. (1968). Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 25: 502-18. Gupta, S.; Lal, S.; Venkataramani, S.; Rajesh, T.A. & Acharya, Y.B. (2007). Variability in the vertical distribution of ozone over a subtropical site in India during a winter month, Journal Atmospheric Terrestrial Physics, 69: 1502-1512. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.05.011 Hoskins, B.J.; Mcintyre, M.E. & Robertson, A.W. (1985). On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 111: 877-946. Jing, P.; Cunnold, D.M.; Yang, E.S. & Wang, H.J. (2005). Influence of isentropic transport on seasonal ozone variations in the lower stratosphere and subtropical upper troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(D10110). http://dx.doi. org/10.1029/2004JD005416 Kirchhoff, V.W.J.H.; Schuch, N.J.; Pinheiro, D.K. & Harris, J.M. (1996). Evidence for an ozone hole perturbation at 30º south. Atmospheric Environment, 33(9):1481-8. Marchand, M.; Bekki, S.; Pazmino, A.; Lefèvre, F.; Godin-Beekmann, S. & Hauchecorne, A. (2005). Model simulations of the impact of the 2002 Antarctic ozone hole on midlatitudes. Journal Atmospheric Science, 62: 871-884. Narayana Rao, T.; Kirkwood, S.; Arvelius, J.; von der Gathen, P. & Kivi, R. (2003). Climatology of UTLS ozone and the ratio of ozone and potential vorticity over northern Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D22): 4703. http://dx.doi. org/10.1029/2003JD003860 Perez, A.; Crino, E.; de Carcer, I.A. & Jaque, F. (2000). Low-ozone events and three-dimensional transport at midlatitudes of South America during springs of 1996 and 1997. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 105(D4): 4553-4561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901040 Pinheiro, D.K.; Leme, N.P.; Peres, L.V. and Kall, E. (2011). Influence of the Antarctic ozone hole over South of Brazil in 2008 and 2009. National Institute of Science and Technology Antarctic Environmental Research. 33-37. Prather, M. & Jaffe, H. (1990). Global impact of the Antarctic ozone hole: chemical propagation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 3413-92. Semane, N.; Bencherif, H.; Morel, B.; Hauchecorne, A. & Diab, R.D. (2006). An unusual stratospheric ozone decrease in Southern Hemisphere subtropics linked to isentropic air-mass transport as observed over Irene (25.5º S, 28.1º E) in mid- May 2002. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6: 1927-36. 38 | Annual Activity Report 2011
5 ENERGY BALANCE AT THE SURFACE IN KING GEORGE ISLAND - PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ETA PROJECT Amauri P. de Oliveira 1,* , Jacyra Soares 1 , Georgia Codato 1 , Admir Créso de Lima Targino 2 , Caio Jorge Ruman 1 1 Grupo de Micrometeorologia, Departamento de Ciências Atmoféricas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Rua do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Av. dos Pioneiros, 3131, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil *email: apdolive@usp.br Abstract: In this work the diurnal evolution of the energy balance at the surface is estimated for the King George Island, based on in situ observations of net radiation, soil heat flux and vertical profiles of wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity measured at the South Tower in the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz. The turbulent fluxes were estimated by adjusting vertical profiles expressions based on the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory. The diurnal evolution of the energy balance components at the surface indicates, during this period, that the large input of energy causes large imbalance in the surface energy balance. The imbalanced term, estimated also for other periods, seems to be related mainly to the heterogeneity of the land use and topography. Keywords: energy balance, sensible heat, latent heat and soil heat flux Introduction Quantifying interaction between surface and atmosphere through observation is one of the most challenging tasks ever. It evolves estimating exchange of energy, mass and momentum, simultaneously, in different places, facing heterogeneities inherent to the surface of the Earth at different meteorological scales. Among all ecosystems the one represented by Antarctica is most challenging given the extreme weather conditions prevailing during most of the time. These difficulties worsen in the case of the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz because it is located on the shoreline region of the King George Island that is characterized by highly complex topography. Besides, the land cover is continuously changing by the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. The main goal of the ETA (“Estudo da Turbulência na Antártica”- Antarctica Turbulence Study) project is to estimate the energy fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the surface at the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz using slow and fast response sensors (Oliveira et al., 2012). In this work the diurnal evolution of the energy balance components are estimated using in situ observations of net radiation and soil heat flux. Hourly values of turbulent fluxes were estimated using low response sensors to provide vertical profiles of wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity (Figure 1). Universal non dimensional vertical gradients, provided by the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, were adjusted, by linear fitting technique, to the observed vertical profiles, yielding turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat. Materials and Methods Energy balance at the surface can be expressed as: Rn = G – H – LE + I Where Rn is the net radiation, G is the soil energy flux, H and LE are the turbulent energy fluxes of sensible and latent heat and I is the imbalanced term. The imbalanced term takes into account the energy fluxes that are not associated to local sources, systematic errors caused by observations Science Highlights - Thematic Area 1 | 39
Page 2 and 3: Annual Activity Report 2011 Expedie
Page 4 and 5: Cataloguing Card I59a Annual Activi
Page 6 and 7: PRESENTATION National Institute of
Page 8 and 9: 6 | Annual Activity Report 2011
Page 10 and 11: Thematic Research Areas The Researc
Page 12 and 13: introduction Advances In Brazilian
Page 14: of soil contamination. At present,
Page 18 and 19: THEMATIC AREA 1 ANTARCTIC ATMOSPHER
Page 20 and 21: One of the most important propertie
Page 22 and 23: 1 ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN A
Page 24 and 25: the F2 layer critical frequency par
Page 26 and 27: with the Gleissberg cycle (~90 year
Page 28 and 29: 2 MESOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES OBSERVE
Page 30 and 31: of 2011 (now under analysis). The h
Page 32 and 33: 3 SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEM ASSOCIATE
Page 34 and 35: a b c Figure 2. Wind field daily av
Page 36 and 37: 4 INFLUENCE OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE
Page 38 and 39: and New Zealand (Brinksma et al., 1
Page 42 and 43: a b Figure 1. South tower of the Br
Page 44 and 45: a b c d e f g Figure 3. Diurnal var
Page 46 and 47: and infrared gas analyzer were setu
Page 48 and 49: THEMATIC AREA 2 IMPACT OF GLOBAL CH
Page 50 and 51: were widespread, reaching latitudes
Page 52 and 53: GPS to reference the points in an a
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 can suggest that the 6 pat
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods Phytossociolo
Page 58 and 59: References Bednarek-Ochyra, H.; Van
Page 60 and 61: level and parent material); vegetat
Page 62 and 63: the soil organic matter levels. The
Page 64 and 65: 4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MOSS SPECI
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1. The most frequent moss fo
Page 68 and 69: Olech, M. (1996). Human impact on t
Page 70 and 71: of apothecia or perithecia) were ma
Page 72 and 73: Acknowledgements This work integrat
Page 74 and 75: (Figure 1). There were found two sp
Page 76 and 77: completely smooth hymenophore (Ager
Page 78 and 79: Results The average SOI presented a
Page 80 and 81: Table 1. ANCOVA results of demograp
Page 82 and 83: 8 RESPONSES OF AN ANTARCTIC KELP GU
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2. Average number of Kelp Gu
Page 86 and 87: 9 Population fluctuation of Pygosce
Page 88 and 89: winter habitat selection (Trivelpie
Page 90 and 91:
10 FORAGING DISTRIBUTION OF AN ANTA
Page 92 and 93:
December and January) with a Repeat
Page 94 and 95:
THEMATIC AREA 3 Impact of human act
Page 96 and 97:
these two types of sewage markers,
Page 98 and 99:
1 TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PH, DISSOL
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Results In Table 1 we show the ocea
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Robakiewicz, M. & Rakusa-Suszczewsk
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we show the results from early summ
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a b c d Figure 2. Variations at dif
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3 SUMMER VARIATION OF ZOOPLANKTON C
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a b Figure 2. Mean numbers of holop
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Discussion Larval forms are common
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4 ASSESSMENT OF FAECAL POLLUTION IN
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Presence of C. perfringens in DCRM
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Figure 3. Most probable number and
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Leclerc, H.; Mossel, D. A.; Trinel.
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Figure 1. Map of the study region w
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Fourteen n-alkanols were identified
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Acknowledgements This work integrat
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treatment procedures that clean the
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Figure 2. Fecal sterols in marine s
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7 FRACTIONATION OF TRACE METALS AND
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a b Figure 1. Trace element mobile
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the National Council for Research a
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of humans (Bargagli et al., 1998).
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Farías, S.; Smichowski, P.; Velez,
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Materials and Methods In Admiralty
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stations. This alteration acts as a
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10 A baseline studies on plasmatic
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higher than ECO and PP, where as to
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11 Effect of diesel oil on gill enz
Page 152 and 153:
Figure 1. Activity of enzymes hexok
Page 154 and 155:
Regoli, F.; Principato, G.B.; Berto
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(Steneck et al., 2002), consisting
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Munnidae, Plakarthidae, Jaeropsidae
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13 TRACKING NON-NATIVE SPECIES IN T
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Table 1. Percentage of records in t
Page 164 and 165:
References Carlton, J.T. (2009). De
Page 166 and 167:
liverworts, lichens, algaes (Smykla
Page 168 and 169:
a b c d Figure 2. Taxonomic details
Page 170 and 171:
McInnes, S.J.; Chown, S.L.; Dartnal
Page 172 and 173:
THEMATIC AREA 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAG
Page 174 and 175:
1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE AND PS
Page 176 and 177:
a b Figure 1. EACF acoustic mapping
Page 178 and 179:
increases to 55 dB (A) the speech r
Page 180 and 181:
2 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR ALDEHYDES IN T
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filtered and stored in vials, below
Page 184 and 185:
formaldehyde concentration too. Des
Page 186 and 187:
3 RESULTS OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT IN
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 1. Requirements of ISO 14.00
Page 190 and 191:
4 BIOREMEDIATION OF THE DIESEL-CONT
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Figure 1. Soil sampling points in t
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Bacteria a Archaea b c Microeukaryo
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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES D
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Informative and educational materia
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6. T-shirts: for each exhibition, t
Page 202 and 203:
FACTS AND FIGURES Human Resources:
Page 204 and 205:
publications Papers Bageston, J.V.;
Page 206 and 207:
Fanticele, F. B. Avaliação de con
Page 208 and 209:
e-mails inct - apa reserach team Th
Page 210 and 211:
Dr. Márcia Caruso Bícego (IOUSP)
Page 212:
Tecnologista Heber Passos (INPE/INC
Page 215:
Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Te
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