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4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MOSS SPECIES IN NORTHERN MARITIME ANTARCTIC BASED ON THE INDEX OF ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Filipe de Carvalho Victoria 1,* , Margéli Pereira de Albuquerque 1 , Cristiane Barbosa D’Oliveira 1 , Antonio Batista Pereira 1 1 Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA, Av. Antonio Trilha, 1847, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil *e-mail: filipevictoria@gmail.com Abstract: The aim of this work was to verify moss conservation status on ice-free areas of northern Maritime Antarctic, including data of Elephant Island, King George Island and Deception Island. The study started with the classification and description of the plant communities based primarily on phytosociological and biodiversity data. All records were obtained from 1991-1992 to 2003-2004 austral summers. The coverage degree and frequency of each species found was used to calculate the index of ecological significance. 22 most frequent species based on all island records were found. The most important species in both studied areas were Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske, Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G. L. Smith, Bartramia patens Brid., respectively, occurring in all the studied islands. These results demonstrate the fragility of plant communities in Maritime Antarctic, based on the low frequency and coverage of most species known to this area. Keyword: Bryophyta, ice-free areas, plant communities Introduction Since 1940 there has been evidence through monitoring and observation of the global warming effect on the plant species of Maritime Antarctic, mainly related to the oscillations in the percentages of plant coverage (Lewis-Smith, 2001). An important tool to study these fluctuations in bryophytes populations was idealized by Lara & Mazimpaka (1998). These authors developed the Index of Ecological Significance (IES), which compares the frequency and abundance of data to determine the importance of the species in a studied area. The index can be applied for moss conservation and phytosociological studies and for the classification of threatened species (Hallingbäck & Hodgetts, 2000), proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Furthermore to reflect the importance of the particular species in plant formation, which also shows the degree of association within species in the sample, such is the degree of importance of maintaining this formation. If many species are associated with the dominant species of a formation, thus invariably they reflect the dependence of the associated species, and if the dominant species is threatened, their dependents also will be (Lewis-Smith, 2001). In order to complement the knowledge of plant communities in the ice-free areas of Admiralty Bay, are presented the conservation status of mosses based in several phytosociological studies developed in the Maritime Antarctic. Materials and Methods The data obtained in the phytosociological approaches since 1991/1992 up to 2003/2004 austral summers, were compiled to verify the most frequent species found in the plant communities from northern Maritime Antarctic. Data was analyzed from some four islands from the South Shetland Islands, as follows: Elephant Island (1991/1992 summer); King George Island (2003/2004, 2004/2005 summers) and Deception Island (1993/1994). High coverage moss species or dominant lichen species were sampled using the usual collection methods. The identification of the species was 62 | Annual Activity Report 2011
ased on specialized literature, such as Ochyra et al. (2008), Pereira & Putzke (1994) and Putzke & Pereira (2001). The index of ecological significance (IES) was calculated based on the Lara & Marzimpaka (1998), subsequently Victoria & Pereira (2007). Results Of the 102 moss species confirmed by Ochyra et al. (2008) for Antarctica, 22 of the most important moss species to northern Maritime Antarctic were found. From our data it was possible to verify the occurrence of Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loske as the most frequent species in the three island communities is analyzed in (Tables 1 to 3). However with the IES of each species it was possible verify the other dominant species varieties of both islands (Figure 1). Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L. Smith was observed as the second most important species in the ice-free areas of King George and Deception Islands. The IES also indicates the degree of colonization of a determined species in the sample (Lara & Mazimpaka, 1998) which can also suggest the effect of variations of species occurrences related to the available substrata. Thus, if a species depends on a rich matter substrata and those are unavailable in that region that species will decline due to the relevant substrata being missing (Victoria et al., 2006). Probably, for the regions where the terrains are composed of a lower fraction of organic matter only a few species included in the most important species list were found. This is the case of Deception Island, where, due the predominant volcanic substrata, only four species with significant index values (Table 3) were found, most plant communities being Table 2. The species have more and less IES in the phytossociological analyzes made in King George Island in the austral summers 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. F(%) = species frequency in 560 sampled quadrats; C= mean cover degree of each species on the samples; IES = species index of ecological importance in the total sampling. Species F (%) C IES Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske 57,87 2,7 215,20 Polytrichastrum alpinum(Hedw.) G.L. Sm 31,86 3,8 153,54 Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. 27,9 0,9 53,3 Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. 11,36 2,02 34,3 Andreaea gainii Cardot 14,96 0,6 24,54 Syntrichia princeps (De Not.) Mitt. 7,69 1,98 22,96 Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb. 2,28 0,15 2,03 Bartramia patens Brid. 1,71 0,6 2,03 Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwägr. 1,47 0,38 2,03 Schistidium antarctici (Cardot) L.I. Savicz & Smirnova Chorisodontium aciphyllum (Hook. f. & Wilson) Broth. Dicranoweisia brevipes (Müll. Hal.) Cardot 1,33 0,36 1,87 0,38 3,68 1,78 0,38 3,68 1,78 Bryum orbiculatifolium Cardot & Broth. 0,95 0,74 1,66 Brachythecium austrosalebrosum (Müll. Hal.) Paris Pohlia drummondii (Müll. Hal.) A.L. Andrews Schistidium falcatum (Hook. f. & Wilson) B. Bremer 0,38 3,36 1,66 0,20 3,32 0,84 0,21 3,33 0,85 Andreaea depressinerves Cardot 0,19 3,31 0,83 Bryum archangelicum Bruch & Schimp. 0,19 3,31 0,83 Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) Kuntze 0,19 3,31 0,83 Table 1. The species have more and less IES in the phytosociological analyzes made in Elephant Island in the year 1992. F(%) = species frequency in 240 sampled quadrats; C = mean cover degree of each species on the samples. IES = species index of ecological importance in the total sampling. Species F C IES Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske 68.45 1.76 189.24 Bartramia patens Brid. 1.60 0.02 1.63 Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. 1.07 0.01 1.08 Brachythecium austrosalebrosum (Müll. Hal.) Paris 1.07 0.02 1.09 Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb 0.53 0.01 0.54 Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb. 1.60 0.02 1.63 Table 3. The species found in Deception Island in the phytosociological analyzes made in the year 1994. F(%) = species frequency in 284 sampled quadrats; C = mean cover degree of each species on the samples; IES = species index of ecological importance in the total sampling. Species F C IES Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske 71.83 1.84 203.90 Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L. Sm 35.92 1.18 78.15 Bartramia patens Brid. 8.10 0.11 9.01 Hennediella heimii (Hedw.) R.H. Zander 5.99 0.09 6.49 Science Highlights - Thematic Area 2 | 63
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Annual Activity Report 2011 Expedie
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Cataloguing Card I59a Annual Activi
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PRESENTATION National Institute of
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6 | Annual Activity Report 2011
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Thematic Research Areas The Researc
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introduction Advances In Brazilian
Page 14: of soil contamination. At present,
Page 18 and 19: THEMATIC AREA 1 ANTARCTIC ATMOSPHER
Page 20 and 21: One of the most important propertie
Page 22 and 23: 1 ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN A
Page 24 and 25: the F2 layer critical frequency par
Page 26 and 27: with the Gleissberg cycle (~90 year
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Page 30 and 31: of 2011 (now under analysis). The h
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Page 34 and 35: a b c Figure 2. Wind field daily av
Page 36 and 37: 4 INFLUENCE OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE
Page 38 and 39: and New Zealand (Brinksma et al., 1
Page 40 and 41: of Science, Technology and Innovati
Page 42 and 43: a b Figure 1. South tower of the Br
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Page 46 and 47: and infrared gas analyzer were setu
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Page 50 and 51: were widespread, reaching latitudes
Page 52 and 53: GPS to reference the points in an a
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 can suggest that the 6 pat
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods Phytossociolo
Page 58 and 59: References Bednarek-Ochyra, H.; Van
Page 60 and 61: level and parent material); vegetat
Page 62 and 63: the soil organic matter levels. The
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1. The most frequent moss fo
Page 68 and 69: Olech, M. (1996). Human impact on t
Page 70 and 71: of apothecia or perithecia) were ma
Page 72 and 73: Acknowledgements This work integrat
Page 74 and 75: (Figure 1). There were found two sp
Page 76 and 77: completely smooth hymenophore (Ager
Page 78 and 79: Results The average SOI presented a
Page 80 and 81: Table 1. ANCOVA results of demograp
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Page 98 and 99: 1 TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PH, DISSOL
Page 100 and 101: Results In Table 1 we show the ocea
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Page 106 and 107: a b c d Figure 2. Variations at dif
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Page 112 and 113: Discussion Larval forms are common
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4 ASSESSMENT OF FAECAL POLLUTION IN
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Presence of C. perfringens in DCRM
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Figure 3. Most probable number and
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Leclerc, H.; Mossel, D. A.; Trinel.
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Figure 1. Map of the study region w
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Fourteen n-alkanols were identified
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Acknowledgements This work integrat
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treatment procedures that clean the
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Figure 2. Fecal sterols in marine s
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7 FRACTIONATION OF TRACE METALS AND
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a b Figure 1. Trace element mobile
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the National Council for Research a
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of humans (Bargagli et al., 1998).
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Farías, S.; Smichowski, P.; Velez,
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Materials and Methods In Admiralty
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stations. This alteration acts as a
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10 A baseline studies on plasmatic
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higher than ECO and PP, where as to
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11 Effect of diesel oil on gill enz
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Figure 1. Activity of enzymes hexok
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Regoli, F.; Principato, G.B.; Berto
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(Steneck et al., 2002), consisting
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Munnidae, Plakarthidae, Jaeropsidae
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13 TRACKING NON-NATIVE SPECIES IN T
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Table 1. Percentage of records in t
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References Carlton, J.T. (2009). De
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liverworts, lichens, algaes (Smykla
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a b c d Figure 2. Taxonomic details
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McInnes, S.J.; Chown, S.L.; Dartnal
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THEMATIC AREA 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAG
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1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE AND PS
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a b Figure 1. EACF acoustic mapping
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increases to 55 dB (A) the speech r
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2 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR ALDEHYDES IN T
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filtered and stored in vials, below
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formaldehyde concentration too. Des
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3 RESULTS OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT IN
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Figure 1. Requirements of ISO 14.00
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4 BIOREMEDIATION OF THE DIESEL-CONT
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Figure 1. Soil sampling points in t
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Bacteria a Archaea b c Microeukaryo
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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES D
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Informative and educational materia
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6. T-shirts: for each exhibition, t
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FACTS AND FIGURES Human Resources:
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publications Papers Bageston, J.V.;
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Fanticele, F. B. Avaliação de con
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e-mails inct - apa reserach team Th
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Dr. Márcia Caruso Bícego (IOUSP)
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Tecnologista Heber Passos (INPE/INC
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Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Te
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