1 - Instituto de Biologia da UFRJ

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a b Figure 1. South tower of the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) photograph of the sensor set up in the tower. and methodology limitations (Foken, 2008), and phase change of ice at the surface and frozen soil. In this work all energy fluxes are positive when oriented upwards and vice versa. Here, the year day 52 (21 February 2012) is used as example of the energy balance, because the weather conditions are not significantly disturbed on this day. Results The soil temperature and the soil heat flux were obtained using, respectively, a soil temperature sensor and a soil heat flux plate set up at 5 cm below the surface (Figure 2). The sensible and latent heat fluxes were estimated using vertical profiles of wind velocity (Figure 3a, b), air temperature (Figure 3c) and specific humidity Figure 3d). Details of the sensors used here can be found in Oliveira et al. (2012) and Codato et al. (2012). According to Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, the mean vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed, potential temperature and specific humidity can be expressed in terms of non dimensional universal relations (Wyngaard, 2010). These functions depend on the stability of the surface layer and can be used to estimate the characteristic scales of velocity (u * ), temperature (θ * ) and specific humidity (q * ). The net radiation was estimated using a net radiometer (Figure 4) installed at south tower of the EACF. According to Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, the mean vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed, potential temperature and specific humidity can be expressed in terms of non dimensional universal relations (Wyngaard, 2010). These functions depend on the stability of the surface layer and can be used to estimate the characteristic scales of velocity (u * ), temperature (θ * ) and specific humidity (q * ). The turbulent fluxes of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE) (Figure 5a, b) are evaluated by the following expressions: H = – ρ c P u * θ * LE = – ρ L u * q * 40 | Annual Activity Report 2011
a c b Figure 2. Soil heat flux. (a) Measurement local, (b) soil temperature sensor, (c) soil temperature (°C) at –5 cm, (d) soil heat flux plate and (e) soil heat flux (W m –2 ) at –5 cm. Where ρ is de air density, c P is the specific heat at constant pressure and L is the latent heat of vaporization. Discussion The major reason for the energy imbalance (Figure 5c, d) is that over heterogeneous landscape the turbulent exchange processes of larger scales cannot be captured by eddy covariance. Long wave and organized turbulence are not properly described because most of the eddy covariance algorithms do not consider the covariance when the signal is non stationary, so that H+LE is underestimated. Besides, due to wind direction high variability the foot print has to be taken into consideration properly in order to reduce the error in H and LE measurements. Another source of error is caused by phase difference between soil heat flux and surface temperature. Energy balance at the surface responds to the temperature and soil heat flux evolution in time at the surface, the later parameter is measured using heat plates at some depth so that there is a significant phase and amplitude difference between surface temperature and soil heat flux. Besides, soil heat plates always underestimate the soil heat flux amplitude due to the deflection of heat flux lines of the soil by introducing the plate with different thermal conductivity (Gao et al., 2010) Conclusion The diurnal evolution of the energy balance components at the surface indicates that in this particular period Science Highlights - Thematic Area 1 | 41
Page 2 and 3: Annual Activity Report 2011 Expedie
Page 4 and 5: Cataloguing Card I59a Annual Activi
Page 6 and 7: PRESENTATION National Institute of
Page 8 and 9: 6 | Annual Activity Report 2011
Page 10 and 11: Thematic Research Areas The Researc
Page 12 and 13: introduction Advances In Brazilian
Page 14: of soil contamination. At present,
Page 18 and 19: THEMATIC AREA 1 ANTARCTIC ATMOSPHER
Page 20 and 21: One of the most important propertie
Page 22 and 23: 1 ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN A
Page 24 and 25: the F2 layer critical frequency par
Page 26 and 27: with the Gleissberg cycle (~90 year
Page 28 and 29: 2 MESOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES OBSERVE
Page 30 and 31: of 2011 (now under analysis). The h
Page 32 and 33: 3 SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEM ASSOCIATE
Page 34 and 35: a b c Figure 2. Wind field daily av
Page 36 and 37: 4 INFLUENCE OF THE ANTARCTIC OZONE
Page 38 and 39: and New Zealand (Brinksma et al., 1
Page 40 and 41: of Science, Technology and Innovati
Page 44 and 45: a b c d e f g Figure 3. Diurnal var
Page 46 and 47: and infrared gas analyzer were setu
Page 48 and 49: THEMATIC AREA 2 IMPACT OF GLOBAL CH
Page 50 and 51: were widespread, reaching latitudes
Page 52 and 53: GPS to reference the points in an a
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 can suggest that the 6 pat
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods Phytossociolo
Page 58 and 59: References Bednarek-Ochyra, H.; Van
Page 60 and 61: level and parent material); vegetat
Page 62 and 63: the soil organic matter levels. The
Page 64 and 65: 4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MOSS SPECI
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1. The most frequent moss fo
Page 68 and 69: Olech, M. (1996). Human impact on t
Page 70 and 71: of apothecia or perithecia) were ma
Page 72 and 73: Acknowledgements This work integrat
Page 74 and 75: (Figure 1). There were found two sp
Page 76 and 77: completely smooth hymenophore (Ager
Page 78 and 79: Results The average SOI presented a
Page 80 and 81: Table 1. ANCOVA results of demograp
Page 82 and 83: 8 RESPONSES OF AN ANTARCTIC KELP GU
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2. Average number of Kelp Gu
Page 86 and 87: 9 Population fluctuation of Pygosce
Page 88 and 89: winter habitat selection (Trivelpie
Page 90 and 91: 10 FORAGING DISTRIBUTION OF AN ANTA
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December and January) with a Repeat
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THEMATIC AREA 3 Impact of human act
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these two types of sewage markers,
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1 TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PH, DISSOL
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Results In Table 1 we show the ocea
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Robakiewicz, M. & Rakusa-Suszczewsk
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we show the results from early summ
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a b c d Figure 2. Variations at dif
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3 SUMMER VARIATION OF ZOOPLANKTON C
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a b Figure 2. Mean numbers of holop
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Discussion Larval forms are common
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4 ASSESSMENT OF FAECAL POLLUTION IN
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Presence of C. perfringens in DCRM
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Figure 3. Most probable number and
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Leclerc, H.; Mossel, D. A.; Trinel.
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Figure 1. Map of the study region w
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Fourteen n-alkanols were identified
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Acknowledgements This work integrat
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treatment procedures that clean the
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Figure 2. Fecal sterols in marine s
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7 FRACTIONATION OF TRACE METALS AND
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a b Figure 1. Trace element mobile
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the National Council for Research a
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of humans (Bargagli et al., 1998).
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Farías, S.; Smichowski, P.; Velez,
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Materials and Methods In Admiralty
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stations. This alteration acts as a
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10 A baseline studies on plasmatic
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higher than ECO and PP, where as to
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11 Effect of diesel oil on gill enz
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Figure 1. Activity of enzymes hexok
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Regoli, F.; Principato, G.B.; Berto
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(Steneck et al., 2002), consisting
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Munnidae, Plakarthidae, Jaeropsidae
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13 TRACKING NON-NATIVE SPECIES IN T
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Table 1. Percentage of records in t
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References Carlton, J.T. (2009). De
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liverworts, lichens, algaes (Smykla
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a b c d Figure 2. Taxonomic details
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McInnes, S.J.; Chown, S.L.; Dartnal
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THEMATIC AREA 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAG
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1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE AND PS
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a b Figure 1. EACF acoustic mapping
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increases to 55 dB (A) the speech r
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2 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR ALDEHYDES IN T
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filtered and stored in vials, below
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formaldehyde concentration too. Des
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3 RESULTS OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT IN
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Figure 1. Requirements of ISO 14.00
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4 BIOREMEDIATION OF THE DIESEL-CONT
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Figure 1. Soil sampling points in t
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Bacteria a Archaea b c Microeukaryo
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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES D
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Informative and educational materia
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6. T-shirts: for each exhibition, t
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FACTS AND FIGURES Human Resources:
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publications Papers Bageston, J.V.;
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Fanticele, F. B. Avaliação de con
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e-mails inct - apa reserach team Th
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Dr. Márcia Caruso Bícego (IOUSP)
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Tecnologista Heber Passos (INPE/INC
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Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Te
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