Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman - authority for ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Renewable Energy Resources in Oman 7 Financing mechanisms 7.1 Revenue by Renewable Energy production The costs of most renewable energy technologies are higher than conventional power generation. This is also the case in Oman, as demonstrated in the previous chapter. The cost difference is however decreasing and will further decrease in the future. Due to this, renewable energy should receive special attention and support in order to find a place in the power production portfolio. The objective of this section is to introduce commonly used economic incentives tools to introduce and develop renewable energy production. There are a number of models that have been introduced in different countries and in this section the mechanism and the experience with these models are summarised. Many of these models are designed to work in a liberalised power sector and attempts to make use of the market mechanism to select the most efficient technology and producer of renewable energy. However none of them are perfect in this respect - all of them have their advantages and drawbacks. This chapter will try to identify these. This section will also make an attempt of relating these models to an Omani context where the power sector is unbundled, not liberalised and the network organised in three (nearly) independent supply systems with limited interconnections and limited international interconnection. Page 106 of 134 .
Renewable Energy Resources in Oman 7.2 Environmental Taxes 7.2.1 External Costs No electricity generation technology exists that is completely devoid of pollution or negative environmental impacts. Energy supply has impacts on the environment, e.g. from emissions of chemical pollutants into air, water and soil both at construction and during operation. Many of these emissions cause accountable damage, such as to human health, natural ecosystems and the built environment. This is termed external effects and is not paid by owners of the energy system, and not passed on to the consumers. However there is true expenditure involved in these impacts, which has to be paid by those affected. Such costs represent a cost to society that are not paid for by the polluter that causes the emissions. If the polluter does pay adequately for the damage caused, then this is referred to as 'internalisation of external cost'. As long as the external costs are not internalised the market mechanism cannot secure an optimal allocation of resources. The prices of goods with high associated external costs, are less than if such costs were internalised, so there is overconsumption of these goods, as compared to the optimal consumption for the welfare of the society. The fossil fuels that represent the largest specific costs are: coal, HFO, diesel oil, and natural gas; of which gas has the lowest environmental costs. Electricity generated from renewable energy has less specific external cost compared to natural gas generation. The external cost imposed on society differs from country to country, and they must be specifically evaluated in a national context. The following external cost estimates are from industrialised countries and China and provided by the World Bank. • Average abatement cost in the industrialised countries is 20 USD per tonne CO 2 • Abatement cost of SO 2 emissions are estimated to 100 USD per tonne • Abatement cost Particles emissions are estimated to 35 USD per tonne • NOx emission abatement costs are 240 USD per tonne, but emission is very plant specific and difficult to generalise 7.2.2 Environmental Tax An environmental tax is a tax on electricity production that reflects the environmental impact of the various fuels and technologies; it can be imposed on the producers or the purchasers of the electricity. It will in any case have to be brought forward to the end-users, who will pay the tax at the end of the day. Based on emission factors for the various fuels a levy corresponding to the abatement cost per unit of fuel is imposed. Page 107 of 134 .
Page 1:
Authority for Electricity Regulatio
Page 4 and 5:
Renewable Energy Resources in Oman
Page 6 and 7:
Page 8 and 9:
Page 10 and 11:
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57: Renewable Energy Resources in Oman
Page 136 and 137: 2. Mazoon Electricity Company Eng.
Page 138 and 139: 4. Oman Waste Water Company Eng, Om
Page 140 and 141: 6. Ministry of Regional Municipalit
Page 142 and 143: According to SQU studies, wind and
Page 144 and 145: 9. Ministry of Transport and Teleco
Page 146 and 147: 11. Supreme Committee for Town Plan
Page 148 and 149: 13. Ministry of National Economy H.
Page 150 and 151: 15. Petrol Development Oman (PDO) C
Page 152 and 153: 16. Scientific Research Council H.E
Page 154 and 155: B. Comments received General info E
Page 156 and 157:
ecause of missing DNA in Oman. Ener
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix 2 Site visits Photos from
Page 160 and 161:
Photo 5. View towards Masirah islan
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Global solar radiation, 1987-1992,
Page 174 and 175:
Appendix 6
Page 176 and 177:
6.2 Examples of applications at var
Page 178 and 179:
Fig. A 6.2 Example of rural system
Page 180 and 181:
Fig. A 6.5 Example of large scale s
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix 7
Page 188 and 189:
Appendix 8 and 9
Page 190 and 191:
• A 20 MW power converter to conv
Page 192:
Appendix 9 List of R&D references a
Page 198 and 199:
Appendix 10 Average production cost
Page 200 and 201:
Appendix 11 Examples of Tax Credit
Page 202 and 203:
0.5 0.4 Levelized Cost of Energy vs
Page 204 and 205:
18 Electric Load 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Page 206 and 207:
Fig. A 13.2 . Assumed fuel efficien
show all

Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman - authority for ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?