A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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6.2 Local development frameworks: whose capacity? A salient issue in each of the areas and with many stakeholders is that many programmes are designed to build the capacity of someone else. This has been a longstanding twofold limitation of capacity building efforts following emergencies 88 . One is the supply-driven nature of capacity “building”, i.e., agencies from more developed countries focusing on someone else’s capacities rather than encouraging local organisations to set their own capacity development agenda, and the second that humanitarian agencies invest in (or just ‘rent’) local capacities in order to implement their own projects and not to contribute to these local organisations’ own goals. Few initiatives sought to improve an institutions’ own capacity to manage recovery effectively, whether they were programmes of donors, national ministries, INGOs, local NGOs, or communities. Some agencies delivered services and developed their know how without prior knowledge in the sector (e.g. housing). The Poverty section discussion, elaborated above, noted that ineffectiveness of support was often due to low levels of relevance to the context. Based on evidence in the field for the three organisations selected for our study, work is done for designing interventions at the district level either with the government or with NGOs (which tend to be international). Less is done for membership based poor people’s organisations or movements (which often do not have an NGO status and are referred to as associations). Outcomes so far are essentially related to legislative tools and the assignment of responsibilities to national bodies (quite often government in Aceh). Timeframes do not appear to have been a constraint on capacity building in relation to the tsunami. Emergency work has included capacity development, such as trainings and assets such as pre-positioned relief stocks or rescue tools, and the development and regular testing of contingency plans; the establishment of emergency funds to support response and recovery activities; reinforcing social and financial safety mechanisms and strengthening community based disaster risk management programmes, as indicated in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 89 . From AIDMI’s own work, direct support to the poor people’s own organisations can be added into this list. There are significant examples of the development of intermediary capacities that are in a position to address recovery needs. As noted above in the section on Social Fabric and Community Development, social protection systems continue to largely rely on family and community networks. For example in Sri Lanka, one effort to mitigate tension over distributions was the People’s Planning Commission. The Commission received support from local CSOs and INGOs and con- 88 Christoplos (2005) 89 UNISDR 100
sulted communities in the east to collect opinions on what people wanted in the recovery plan. This process provided a constructive channel for sometimes politicised local demands by turning them into concrete plan elements. RADA of Government of Sri Lanka made similar efforts to bring recovery closer to communities. In Maldives on the other hand, capacity development strategies have mostly focused on the national level and so far remain highly centralised. Atoll and island leaders are selected by the centre instead of elected locally. Although a range of community organisations exist, very few have sufficient national reach to promote DRR across atolls or with the central government 90 . At the local level, a fair amount of awareness is raised and key atolls have developed preparedness plans, though yet to be made available in the public domain, but sustainable community actions for preparedness that are independent of outside funding are less common. A focus, by international actors on the capacities of local structures grew only after the initial response 91 in 2005. In Indonesia, implementation of capacity development strategies remains in the initial stages. The Indonesian Red Cross found that implementation of activities under the banner of “capacity development” is often more focused on service delivery than long-term capacity development. Inputs of capital and training have been provided. For example, according to the Revised Plan and Budget the Indonesian Red Cross has installed emergency kits for families in 21 branches. Yet, it is not yet clear whether local capacity has been supported to determine this need and procure these kits locally. Radio equipment has been installed in each branch for early warning dissemination. The IFRC is also providing training to branch volunteers and staff but with little reference to how these capabilities will be maintained. 6.3 International alignment around capacity building priorities The case studies found that the capacity building efforts of foreign organisations reflected the assumption that the agencies had the capacity to carry out the deed. This was often not the case in unfamiliar territory with new partners. In disaster recovery this notion of capacity is increasingly defined in sectoral terms (especially with the adoption of the so-called Cluster Approach). These sectors do not reflect the way local recovery takes place and are difficult for local partners to follow, especially for civil society as recovery is hardly ever so clearly and orderly organised. The assumptions about long term integration are often questioned by the government, NGOs, and local communities 92 . 90 Patel and Lawry-White (2006) 91 Patel and Lawry-White (2006) 92 In particular, see ALNAP Annual Review (2004) 101
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A ripple in development? Long term
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Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
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5 Risk reduction...................
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NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
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State and civil society The interve
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tion is not complete, the achieveme
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For donor governments Strengthen lo
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14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
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We would like to warmly thank all t
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ilitation and development (Linking
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Consequently, our study has asked:
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the style of the text in the evalua
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The team, however, enjoyed privileg
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Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
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was the local level administration
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2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
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On the other hand, the public’s p
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Although there is here a natural ha
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struction process, and unpredictabi
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cial structures. The context for in
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In the Maldives, the level of destr
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In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
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increase at the local level, the pr
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to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 55 and 56: income by carrying out petty tradin
Page 57 and 58: The positive effects of aid assista
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
Page 80 and 81: gramme is one of the key factors be
Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
Page 86 and 87: However, there are exceptions in bo
Page 89 and 90: 5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
Page 91 and 92: Indonesia also has new legislation
Page 93 and 94: Tsunamis present a relatively rare
Page 95 and 96: There is an issue also with the “
Page 97 and 98: More positively, the second type of
Page 99 and 100: 6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
Page 101: and Italy. The Programme’s object
Page 105 and 106: things to many actors over time res
Page 107 and 108: The use of information plays a cons
Page 109 and 110: 7 Conclusions The conclusions here
Page 111 and 112: The following figure illustrates th
Page 113 and 114: 7.3 The need to give greater effect
Page 115 and 116: Attention has not yet focused on ar
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
Page 119 and 120: 8 Recommendations The recommendatio
Page 121 and 122: 8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
Page 123 and 124: 43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
Page 127 and 128: 1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
Page 129 and 130: The efforts of the international ai
Page 131 and 132: 2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
Page 133 and 134: c) How have the micro-politics of l
Page 135 and 136: Particular issues to be reviewed in
Page 137 and 138: In order to obtain relevant materia
Page 139 and 140: Within two weeks prior to commencin
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
Page 143 and 144: District Sub District Samples Total
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
Page 147 and 148: Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
Page 149 and 150: Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
Page 151 and 152: Surname, Forenames Organisation and
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Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
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Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
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This report is a follow-up evaluati
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A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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